Lecture Notes Unit 2: Employment
Employment interests, values, abilities
Interest – something that draws the attention of or arouses the curiosity of a person
Career – profession, a person’s work
Occupation – a person’s job to earn a living
Value – the importance that you place on different elements of your life
Compromising – giving up something important
Prioritize – to put in order of importance
Leisure – time free from the demands of work
Wages – money that is paid for work or services
Ability – something you do well
Job outlook – the expectation or prospect of a particular job in the future
Portfolio – a collection of materials that show your knowledge, skills, and insights
Vocational – pertaining to a particular occupation, business, or profession
Ask yourself the following questions:
Is it important that you find a job immediately upon the completion of your training?
How important is job availability?
Is it important for you to have extra time for leisure activities?
How much?
What type of wage is necessary for you to earn?
Is it important for you to be respected by people in your community?
Do you like to use creativity to solve problems?
Do you prefer a job where there is a specific way to solve problems?
Do you want to have opportunities for promotion?
Do you prefer to work indoors or outdoors?
Do you want a standard schedule?
Are you willing to work holidays, nights, etc?
Do you want a job that requires you to make decisions and take on responsibility?
Do you want to supervise people?
Now list the following work values in order:
Job security
Leisure time
Wages
Recognition
Creativity
Advancement
Environment
Home life
Responsibility
Management
Make a list of your abilities:
Dentistry
Oral Cavity
Mouth = buccal cavity
Uvula = muscular process which hangs from the back of the soft palate
Tongue = forms the floor of the oral cavity
Salivary glands
Saliva = continuous secreted into the mouth; increased amount of saliva secreted with presence of food in mouth / nervous stimulation
a.Lubricates; keeps oral and pharyngeal m-mb’s moist
b.Helps to dissolve food
c.Starts chemical digestion of CHO’s (contains the enzyme amylase)
3 pairs of major salivary glands:
a.Parotid glands = located inf./ant. to earlobes; btwn. skin & masseter
Parotitis = mumps = inflammation of parotid glands (Myxovirus)
b.Submandibular glands = located medial to mandible; most inferior
c.Sublingual glands = under tongue
Teeth = dentes
1.Adapted for mechanical digestion (chewing)
2.3 main portions:
a.Crown = above the gums
b.Root = below the gums; coated with cementum (bone-like substance)
c.Neck = at the gum line
3.Composed mostly of dentin = calcified CT
a.covered by enamel (harder than bone) above the gums
b.covered by cementum below the gums
4.Tooth socket contains a periodontal ligament = fibrous CT lining
5.2 dentitions (sets of teeth) in each person’s life
a.Deciduous = primary teeth = baby teeth (20)
b.Permanent = secondary teeth (32, including wisdom teeth)
6.4 different types of teeth (based on shape)
a.Incisors = used to cut food; 2 pair (upper & lower)
b.Cuspids = canines = used to tear or shred food; 1 pair (upper & lower)
c.Premolars = bicuspids
1.NO deciduous premolars; 2 pair in adults (upper & lower)
2.used for crushing / grinding food
d.Molars = used for crushing / grinding food also
1.Deciduous = 2 pair (upper & lower)
2.Permanent = 3 pair (upper & lower); 3rd molars = wisdom teeth
Optometry
Special sense we rely the most upon is vision
Visual receptors contained in eyes
Accessory structures: protection, lubrication, support of eyes
Eyelids continuations of skin surrounding eye
- Keep eyes lubricated with tears and free of dust and debris, close firmly to protect eyes
- Palpebral fissure-separates lower and upper eye lids
- Upper and lower eyelids connected at medial canthus (inside) and lateral canthus (outside)
- Eyelashes help trap foreign particles before entering eye
- Lacrimal caruncle- at medial canthus produce secretions seen in “sleep” in your eyes
- Tarsal glands (type of sebaceous gland) produce secretions keep eyelids from sticking together
Infection in either one of these glands can cause a sty
- Conjunctiva is epithelium covering inner and outer surfaces of eye
Conjunctivitis=pink eye-irritation of conjunctiva surface
Lacrimal apparatus: produces, distributes and removes tears
- Lacrimal glands secrete tears-superior, lateral side of eye
- Lacrimal lake-build up of tears in medial canthus
- Lacrimal canaliculi-tubes carrying tears to lacrimal sac, located on both sides of medial canthus
- Lacrimal sac-lateral to nose
- Nasolacrimal duct-delivers tears to corresponding nasal cavity
Eye: eyeball is hollow
3 layers:
Fibrous tunic: outermost layer containing sclera and cornea
Sclera-white of eye, 6 extrinsic muscles attach to sclera, blood vessels
Cornea-limbus separates two parts, transparent, no blood vessels, numerous nerve endings, most sensitive
Vascular tunic: aka uvea
Iris-pigmented cells, transparent, smooth muscle layers contract and move pupil
Color determined by melanocytes-pigmented epithelium-few melanocytes=blue eyes, increasing numbers of melanocytes give grey, brown and black eyes
Pupil-central opening of iris, dilation, constriction controlled autonomically
Ciliary body-attaches to sides of lens
Choroid-epithelial layer separating fibrous and neural tunics, contains melanocytes
deep to sclera
Neural tunic: aka retina-innermost layer of eye
Pigmented part absorbs incoming light that passes through neural part that contains photoreceptors-detect light
Rods-not stimulated by color, light sensitive, allow vision in dim areas (125 mil)
Cones-color vision, sharper images, require intense light (6 million)
Region for most cones is macula lutea where visual images arrive in posterior of eye
Fovea-highest concentration of cones-sharpest vision
Rods and cones synapse with bipolar cells behind them then those synapse with ganglion cells
Axons of ganglion cells create optic disc-origin of optic nerve
Optic disc creates blind spot
Ciliary body and lens divide anterior and posterior cavities
Anterior cavity is filled with aqueous humor-fluid that maintains eye shape and retina position
Posterior cavity is filled with vitreous humor-gel mass maintains eye shape
Lens lies posterior to cornea
Changes shape in order to focus image on photoreceptors
Refraction-when light is bend passing through your lens, happens because lens is more dense than light passing through it
Focal point-a specific area on retina to focus light rays coming from an object
Focal distance-point from middle of lens to focal point
-More refraction-As objects get closer, lens becomes rounder and focal distance is shorter
-Less refraction-As objects get further away, lens becomes thinner and focal distance longer
Lens or cornea do not refract properly-astigmatism
Image appears upside down on retina
Visual physiology
Rods and cones are stimulates by photons of light at wavelengths between 700-400 nm
Visible light spectrum ROYGBIV
Rods give info about whether photons are present or not
Cones give info about the wavelength of photons=color we see
At the end where they connect to pigmented epithelium-where photons are captured-cones have a cone shape and rods a rod shape, both ends are filled with discs
In rods the discs are separate from eachother
In cones the discs are inner folding of the cell membrane
The inner segment contains cell organelles
Visual pigments in the discs contain rhodopsin- protein complex stimulated by photons
Photon lands on rhodopsin which hyperpolarizes the cell (more negative) which eventually tells the bipolar cell that a photon was absorbed
Bleaching-time for the cones and rods to reset, which is why you still see the image of a bulb after the light has turned off, image staying around for a while means over exposure to intense light source
Color vision
All wavelengths of photons bouncing off object-appears white
All photons of all wavelengths are absorbed-appears black
One color is viewed when one color bounces off and all others are absorbed
Three types of cones
Blue-most stimulated by blue wavelengths, but pick up wavelengths from purple to yellow
Green-most stimulated by yellow wavelengths, but pick up wavelengths from blue to orange
Red-most stimulated by orange wavelengths, but pick up wavelengths from blue to red
Color discrimination comes from integration from all three types of cones
Light and dark adaptation
Controlled by rods-after 30 minutes in the dark, rods become stimulated by the slightest light source and is extremely sensitive-dark adapted
When lights come on sensitivity to dark decreases and bleaching occurs-light adapted
Vision is processed in occipital lobe
Depth perception –interpretation of 3D relationships among objects by comparing relative positions of those objects to each other and you
Left and right fields of vision overlap-area of overlap is binocular vision but there are areas that only right or left eyes can see
Nephrology
The Urinary System
Functions of the Urinary System:
1.main fxn: removal of wastes from the body
2.helps to maintain homeostasis by:
a.controlling the composition & volume of blood
b.regulating blood pH
c.regulating BP
d.metabolic fxns: Kidney produces 2 hormones:
1.activates vitD calcitriol (calcium regulation)
2.erythropoietin prod. of RBC’s
Organs of the urinary system:
1.Kidneys
2.Ureters
3.Urinary bladder
4.Urethra
Nephrology = study of structure, fxn, & diseases of urinary system
Urology = study of surgery of urinary system (& male reprod. system)
Kidneys
A.Located just above waist-level; between vertebrae T12 - L3
1.attached to posterior abdominal wall
2.retroperitoneal = outside the peritoneum (serous; lines abdom. cavity)
B.3 layers of tissue surround each kidney:
1.renal capsule (innermost layer) = fibrous protective layer
2.adipose capsule (middle layer) = protects against trauma
3.renal fascia (outer layer) = dense, irregular CT; attaches kidney to abdominal wall
C.Anatomy of the Kidney
1.Hilus = hilum = “crease” or notch on medial side of each kidney, where blood vessels, nerves, & ureter enter/leave the kidney
2.Renal cortex = outer portion of kidney, next to renal capsule
3.Renal medulla = deeper layer
a.renal pyramids = cone-shaped structures inside the medulla (8-18 per kidney)
b.renal papillae = apex of each pyramid; near renal pelvis
4.renal columns = where cortex extends btwn. pyramids of medulla
5.Calyces (major & minor) = cup-shaped structures deep to renal papillae
a.Urine is produced in nephrons (cortex/pyramid)
b.flows from nephron into the papillary duct of the renal pyramid
c.duct flows into a minor calyx
d.then into a major calyx (receives from several minor calyces)
6.Renal pelvis = central cavity of each kidney
7.Ureter = tube connecting renal pelvis with urinary bladder
Nephron = functional unit of the kidney
1.3 processes take place in the nephrons:
a.glomerular filtration = plasma forced out of blood into renal corp.
b.tubular reabsorption = placing substances back into blood
c.tubular secretion = removing additional substances from blood
2.Structure of the nephron:
a.Renal corpuscle
b.Renal tubule
1.loop of Henle (nephron loop) = descends into renal medulla
a.descending limb = simple squamous epith. cells
b.ascending limb = cuboidal / columnar epith. cells
3.When nephrons are injured or damaged by disease, they are NOT replaced; however, those remaining nephrons can compensate
Radiology
THE SKELETAL SYSTEM INCLUDES:
Bones, joints, cartilages, ligaments
FUNCTIONS OF BONES:
SUPPORT: framework for attachment of tissues and organs
PROTECTION: cavities surrounded by bone to protect soft organs
DORSAL: cranial, vertebral VENTRAL: thoracic, pelvic
MOVEMENT: skeletal muscles pull against bones
STORAGE: of calcium salts (in matrix), fat reserves stored as lipids
BLOOD CELL FORMATION: produces Erythrocytes (RBC), Leukocytes (WBC)
2 TYPES OF BONE TISSUE
COMPACT: superficial bone layer, very dense bone
SPONGY: small pieces of bone with many open spaces
EX: red and yellow marrow
CLASSIFICATION OF BONES
LONG BONES:
Typically longer than they are wide, have a shaft with heads at both ends of bone, contain mostly compact bone
EX: femur, humerus
SHORT BONES:
Generally cube-shaped, contain mostly spongy bone
EX: carpals, tarsals
FLAT BONES:
Thin, flattened and usually curved, composed of two thin layers of compact bone that surround a layer of spongy bone
EX: skull, ribs, sternum
IRREGULAR BONES:
Funky shapes, do not fit other bone categories
EX: vertebrae, pelvis
ANATOMY OF LONG BONES
DIAPHYSIS: tubular shaft of bone, composed of compact bone
EPIPHYSIS: ends (heads) of bone, composed mostly of spongy bone
PERIOSTEUM: outside covering of diaphysis
ARTICULAR CARTILAGE: covers external surfaces of epiphyses, made of hyaline cartilage, reduces friction at joint surfaces
EPIPHYSEAL PLATE: flat plate of hyaline cartilage seen in growing bones of children
EPIPHYSEAL LINE: remnant epiphyseal plate in adult bones
MEDULLARY CAVITY: cavity inside diaphysis, contains spongy tissue, red marrow as children, yellow marrow as adults
ENDOSTEUM: lines medullary cavity
ARTERIES: supplies bone cells with nutrients
September 25th: obstetrics
Female Reproductive Cycle
A.Ovarian Cycle = maturation of an ovum
B.Uterine (Menstrual) Cycle = changes in endometrium to prepare for reception of a fertilized ovum
C.Hormonal Regulation
1.GnRH (from hypothalamus) stim’s release of FSH & LH from Ant. Pit.
2.FSH
a.stim’s initial development of ovarian follicles
b.tells ovaries to secrete estrogens
3.LH
a.stim’s further development of ovarian follicles
b.stim’s ovulation
c.tells ovaries to secrete estrogens & progesterone
4.Estrogens (beta-estradiol, estrone, estriol)
a.promote the development & maintenance of female reprod. structures
b.development & maint. of breasts
c.development & maint. of 2o sex characteristics
1.adipose tissue in breasts, abdomen, mons pubis, & hips
2.broad pelvis
3.voice pitch
4.pattern of hair growth on head & body
d.help regulate fluid & electrolyte balance
e.stimulate protein synthesis
5.Progesterone
a.works with estrogens to prepare the endometrium for implantation
b.works with estrogens to prepare mammary glands for milk synthesis
6.Inhibin = inhibits secretion of FSH & GnRH
7.Relaxin = relaxes pubic symphysis; helps dilate cervix for delivery
8. Oxytocin = hormone involved in uterine contractions and milk production
D.Phases of Femal Reproductive Cycle
1.Menstrual phase = first 5 days of cycle
a.Stratum functionalis is shed (blood, tissue fluid, mucus, epi’s)
b.Ovarian cycle is also occurring:
1.Primary follicles begin to develop
2.20-25 primary follicles begin to produce low levels of estrogen
3.At end of menstrual phase, ~20 of these develop into 2o follicles
(each contains a 2o oocyte + several layers of cells)
2.Preovulatory Phase = days 6-13 of a typical 28-day cycle
a.Time btwn. menstruation & ovulation
b.Endometrial repair occurs
c.1o follicles finish developing into 2o follicles
d.Only one (occ. more) develops into a Graafian (mature) follicle
e.This follicle produces a bulge on surface of ovary
f.Estrogens are being produced by ovaries
g.Ant. Pit. is secreting FSH at low, steady level
h.At end of this phase, LH surge occurs
3.Ovulation = rupture of Graafian follicle to release 2o oocyte
a.Usually on day 14
b.Estrogens from ovaries + feedback loop more GnRH & LH
c.This causes LH surge
d.Signs of ovulation:
1.Increased basal BT
2.Clear, stretchy cervical mucus
3.changes in uterine cervix
4.ovarian pain
e.Corpus hemorrhagicum = Graafian follicle forms blood clot
(eventually resorbed)
f.Corpus luteum = enlarged follicle cells; looks yellow
1.secretes Estrogens & Progesterone
2.stimulated by LH
4.Postovulatory phase = days 15-28
a.Time btwn. ovulation & onset of next menses
b.Also called the secretory phase; endometrial glands secrete glycogen
(also called uterine milk ; prepares for implantation)
c.Endometrium also thickens
d.Ovaries (corpus luteum) enter the luteal phase = secrete LOTS of estrogen & progesterone
1.Progesterone prepares endometrium for implantation
e.IF fert./implantation do NOT occur, the corpus luteum degenerates into the corpus albicans (“white body”). P4 & E2 levels go down, followed by another menstrual cycle.
f.IF fert. / implantation DO occur, the corpus luteum is maintained until the placenta takes over its hormone-producing fxns.
1.Corpus luteum is maintained by hCH from the new placenta
2.Corpus luteum secretes estrogens & progesterone to support pregnancy & breast development for lactation
3.Once the placenta begins to secrete E2 & P4, the corpus luteum becomes less important (degenerates by 3rd-4th month)
Psychiatry
NERVOUS SYSTEM
FUNCTION
*Coordinate the activities of the body systems to meet changing situations and environmental conditions (short)
*Works closely with the endocrine system which adjusts metabolic operations of systems in response to changes in nutrient availability and demand for energy (prolonged)
ORGANIZATION
CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM-integrates, processes, and coordinates sensory data (conditions in and outside of body) and motor commands (activities of peripheral organs through ex skeletal muscle)
BRAIN AND SPINAL CORD-brain deals in intelligence, memory, learning and emotion; spinal cord is a highway for sending and receiving info to/from brain
PERIPHERAL NERVOUS SYSTEM-all nervous tissue outside CNS, delivers sensory info to CNS about changing conditions, send motor commands to peripheral tissues/systems
AFFERENT DIVISION-brings sensory info to CNS from receptors in peripheral tissues/organs, receptors detect changes in internal and external conditions
EFFERENT DIVISION-carries motor commands from CNS to muscles/glands; those organs respond by doing something and are known as effectors
SOMATIC NERVOUS SYSTEM-controls voluntary skeletal muscle contractions (voluntary)
AUTONOMIC NERVOUS SYSTEM-gives automatic regulation of smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, and glandular secretions
SYMPATHETIC-“fight or flight” response
PARASYMPATHETIC-“rest and digest” response
PARTS OF A NEURON
*Neurons are the individual cells of the nervous system in which information is sent from neuron to neuron received by one side of a neuron and sent by another.