La Guida di Studio per Italiano 3 Onore

giugno 2015

Part I - Vocabulary, Comprehension, structure You are going to have three very short readings with multiple choice questions on comprehension, vocabulary and structure.

Part II – Grammar -As well as in the Section I, in this section you are going to have multiple choice questions related to the grammar topics taught during this school year.

Part III -Essay (Composition)- You are going to write a essay. The essay will be graded based on the requirements’ fulfillments and specific rubrics.

Part IV- Oral evaluation- conversation one –on- one For this part, I am going to give you a list of questions that you are going to prepare and be ready to use in our conversation one – on –one.( NOTE: you aren’t allowed to read your answers.!!!)

Part V- Listening & Comprehension– You are going to have activities on listening and comprehension.

NOTE: For the Part III, Part IV and Part V, you are going to be tested before the due date of the final exam, and these dates are:

Part III -Essay (Composition)- June 8 ( A day)

Part IV- Oral evaluation- conversation one –on- one June 10 ( C day)

Part V- Listening & Comprehension– June 12 ( A day)

Part I and Part II– you will be tested the date of the final exam ( week of June 15 )

Part II – Grammar- for this part study the following:

A) I Pronomi Diretti

The direct object is the object that directly receives the action of the verb. We find out what is the Direct Object in our sentence by asking the verb two questions:

- what? ( Che cosa? Or Che?)

- whom? ( Chi?)

The direct object pronoun replaces the direct object noun.

In Italian, when you have two verbs you have two options:

Direct object pronouns can be ….

  1. Before the conjugated verb
  2. Attached to the infinitive

B) I Pronomi Indiretti

Indirect object pronouns ask the questions “to whom or for whom?”

Indirect object pronouns
mi to/for me
ti to/ for you
gli to/ for him
le to/for her
Le (polite) to/ for you
ci to/ for us
vi to/ for you
gli/ loro to/for them
  • Indirect Object Pronoun Placement with the Infinitive

-Indirect objects pronouns are attached to an infinitive and the –e of the infinitive is dropped.

Esempio: Non ho più tempo di parlargli.

-If the infinitive is preceded by dovere, potere, or volere, the indirect pronoun is either attached to the infinitive (after the –e is dropped) or placed before the conjugated verb.

Esempio: Voglio parlargli da solo. OR Gli voglio parlare da solo.

C) Passato prossimo-Passato prossimo is used to express an action in the past.

To conjugate in the passato prossimo you need two things: 1. a helping verb

2. a past participle

1. The helping or auxiliary verb is either avere or essere conjugated in the present tense.

AVEREESSERE

io honoi abbiamoio sononoi siamo

tu haivoi avetetu seivoi siete

lui/lei haloro hannolui/lei èloro sono

When to use avere:

  • The helping verb avere is used with transitive (has a direct object) verbs.
  • Most verbs are conjugated with avere.
  • Verbs that take avere do not get agreement.

When to use essere:

  • The helping verb essere is used with intransitive (no direct object) verbs.
  • Generally verbs of movement
  • Verbs that take essere always need agreement in gender and number.

2. The past participles: Past participles are both regular and irregular.

Regular past participles follow the following spelling changes:

Infinitive endings: / Participle ending / Example
-are / -ato / studiare  studiato
-ire / -ito / finire  finito
-ere / -uto / ricevere  ricevuto

Irregular past participles need to be memorized. Here are some (not all) irregulars: *take essere

essere  stato *offrire  offerto

scrivere  scrittomettere  messo

leggere  lettorispondere  risposto

perdere  persoprendere  preso

morire  morto *nascere  nato *

COMMON VERBS THAT TAKE ESSERE (know the meaning of each verb). This is not a list of every verb that takes essere, but the most commonly used verbs.

arrivarestaresalire

entraretornarediventare

partireritornarecadere

uscireesseremorire

nascere

Examples:

fare:essere:

ho fattoabbiamo fatto sono stato/a siamo stati/e

hai fattoavete fatto sei stato/a siete stati/e

ha fattohanno fatto è stato/asono stati/e

  1. Verbi riflessivi al passato prossimo

THE VERB LAVARSI(TO WASH ONESELF) IN THE PAST TENSE ** ALL RIFLEXIVES TAKE ESSERE AS A HELPING VERB AND NEED AGREEMENT

PERSON / SINGULAR / PLURAL
I / (io) mi sono lavato/a / (noi) ci siamo lavati/e
II / (tu) ti sei lavato/a / (voi) vi siete lavati/e
III / (lui, lei, Lei) si è lavato/a / (loro, Loro) si sono lavati/e

D) Passato prossimo contro imperfetto

a)Know when to use each tense.

Imperfect / Past Tense
1. describes habitual, recurring / 1. specific completed actions
2. time expressions: ogni anno, / 2. la settimana scorsa, ieri
sempre, spesso, di solito / sera, due ore fa, stamattina
3. when both tenses appear in a sentence, action in progress gets imperfect / 3. Other event occurred gets past
4. describes the character’s qualities and habitual actions , their emotions and thoughts, the setting, the time, weather, and other background / 4. relate specific events or actions that took place

b)Refer to the imperfetto chart below.

c)Refer to the passato prossimo chart above for a review of the tense.

d)Study your irregular stems in the imperfect and irregular past participles for the past tense.

I / II / III
stress on the penultimate / stress on the antepenultimate / w/o -sc- / with -sc-
Sg. / 1.
2.
3. / amavo
amavi
amava / temevo
temevi
temeva / credevo
credevi
credeva / partivo
partivi
partiva / finivo
finivi
finiva
Pl. / 1.
2.
3. / amavamo
amavate
amavano / temevamo
temevate
temevano / credevamo
credevate
credevano / partivamo
partivate
partivano / finivamo
finivate
finivano

E) Partitives with “di” that means “some”

SINGOLARE / PLURALE
MASCHILE / del / dei
dello, dell' / degli
FEMMINILE / della / delle

F) Possessive Adjectives

Person / One owner / Many owners
singular / plural / singular / plural
1st / m / il mio mine / i miei / il nostro / i nostri
f / la mia mine / le mie / la nostra / le nostre
2nd / m / il tuo yours / i tuoi / il vostro / i vostri
f / la tua yours / le tue / la vostra / le vostre
3rd / m / il suo his / i suoi / il loro / i loro
f / la sua hers / le sue / la loro / le loro

G) Adverbs -Avverbi

Adverbs describe how, when, where actions take place.You know some adverbs as:ancora, bene, male, mai, sempre, spesso, adesso, dopo, prima, subito, qualche volta….
LA FORMAZIONE DEGLI AVVERBI

a)Adverbs in –mente = equivalent to “ly” in English

Many Italian adverbs can be formed by adding “mente” to the feminine form of an adjective

certo⇒certa+mente - certamente

sincero⇒sincera+mente- sinceramente

allegro⇒allegra+mente - allegramente

b)adjective in -e: unique form – (feminine and masculine) + mente:

veloce⇒velocemente.

frequente⇒frequentemente

c)The adjective ends in: -le, -re, drop the final “e” before adding mente ending

uguale + mente = ugualmente;

singolare + mente = singolarmente;

d)There are some exceptions to these rules such as:

leggero⇒mente = leggermente;

altro⇒altrimenti;

pari⇒parimenti;

violento⇒violentemente.

NOTE:In a sentence the adverbs are usually placed immediately after the verbes. Lui legge perfettamente

H) Il Futuro

Il futuro semplice is conjugated by adding at the stem of a verb the following endings:

(io)ò(noi)emo

(tu)ai(voi)ete

(lui/lei)à(loro)anno

Regular Stems for il futuro semplice are as follows:Esempi:

  • -are verbs: drop the final –e and change the –a to an –e.… disegnare disegner
  • -ere verbs: drop the final –e ………………………………………ricevere  ricever
  • -ire verbs: drop the final –i …………………………………………… finire  finir
  • Two syllable verbs: drop the final –e …………………………………… . stare star
  • Verbs that end in –care and –gare: add an h………………………giocare  giocher

and treat like regular- are verb

  • Verbs that end in –iare, drop the i and change…………………… mangiare  manger

like –are verb

  • There are also irregular stems

COMMON IRREGULAR STEMS for futuro semplice:

essere (to be)  sarandare (to go)  andr

avere (to have)  avrbere (to drink)  berr

dovere (to have to)  dovrsapere (to know)  sapr

potere (to be able to)  potrvolere (to want to) vorr

vedere (to see)  vedr venire (to come)  verr

I)Il future anteriore (will have...)

Il futuro anteriore combines the rules of passato prossimo with those of il futuro semplice.

Il futuro anteriore consists of two words - helping verb (avere or essere) conjugate in the simple future + past participle

HELPING VERBS

Conjugate avere with verbs that are transitive and have direct objects. Any verb conjugated with avere has an invariable past participle.

io avrò lavoratonoi avremo lavorato

tu avrai lavorato voi avrete lavorato

lui/ lei avrà lavorato loro avranno lavorato

Conjugate essere with verbs that are intransitive and generally take movement. Any verb conjugated with essere needs agreement in both gender and number for its past participle.

io sarò andato/anoi saremo andati/e

tu sarai andato/avoi sarete andati/e

lui/lei sarà andato/aloro saranno andati/e

J)Si impersonale

Si + third person verb can be used to express an impersonal construction (one, or you, we, they, people, when no one in particular is meant),

ES. a) Come si pronuncia questa parola?

= How does one (you) pronouce this word?

b)Non ho idea dove si possono comprare i calamari freschi.

=I don't have any idea where one (you) can buy fresh calamari.

Si impersonale

a) If there is a singular noun, as direct object, use the third person singular form of the verb.

Es. 1.Dove si puo` imparare bene la grammatica dell'italiano?

2.Come si pronuncia questa parola?

b) If there is a plural noun, as direct object, use the third person plural form of the verb.

Es.1.Sai come si preparano gli spaghetti?

2.Non ho idea dove si possono comprare i calamari freschi.