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Key Issue #4: Why Are Location Factors Changing? Chapter 11 Industry pp. 361-367.
REVIEW: Two geographical costs a company ordinarily faces are:
1.situation factors: give definition p. 369.
2. site factors: give definition p. 369.
Attraction of New Industrial Regions p. 361
1. ______is the site factor is changing dramatically in the 21st century.
2.To lessen labor costs, some manufacturers are located in places:
Changing Industrial Distribution within MDCs p. 361
1.Within MDCs, industry is shifting away from the traditional industrial areas of ______and ______.
2.USA's industry has shifted from ______toward the ______and west.
3.Europe's government policies have encouraged relocation toward ______distressed peripheral or outer areas.
Interregional Shift in the United States p. 362
1. Look at the Map 11-21. NE USA lost 6 million jobs in manufacturing between 1950-2000. What 2 states shown on the 2009 map were added in the South and West between 1950 and 2009?
______
2.Why did the Industrial Revolution in the late 1800s and early 1900s largely bypass the South?
a.
b.
c.
d.
3. What organization brought electricity to much of the rural South and roads were constructed in previously inaccessible section s of the Appalachians, Piedmont, and Ozarks?
Right-to-Works Laws p. 362
1.The major draw for many manufacturers was enactment by South states of right-to-work laws. A definition of right-to-work:
2. In an "open shop", a union and a company agree that:
3.What are the rules of a "closed shop" in a factory?
a.
4. By enforcing right-to-work laws, Southern states made it:
a.
b.
c.
d.
5. As a result, the percentage of workers who are members of a union is ______
6.Steel, textiles, tobacco products, and furniture industries have become:
7.The Gulf Coast has become an industrial area of access to ______and ______.
8.What industry do you find along the Gulf Coast? p. 362
a.
b.
c.
Textile Production p. 362
9.The textile and apparel industry known for production in ______.
10. It then would shut down production in ______.
11. It started in the ______part of the USA in the early 1900s and then shifted to the ______and ______.
12.What was the area of Ney York City called that once housed a large % of the nation's textile and apparel manufacturers? ______
13.Manufacturing moved from the Northeast to the ______in the 1950s. This area is home to 99% of the U.S. ______
14.Why did manufacturers choose the Southeast like North Carolina? p. 362-363
a.
b.
15. Looking at the Map 11-22, where is the other major area of the country where socks and hosiery are made?
Interregional Shifts in Europe p. 363
16. Manufacturing has diffused from traditional industrial centers in ______towards ______and ______Europe.
17.Unlike the USA, European government policies have ______.
18.The European Union (EU) provides assistance to what it calls "convergence regions and competitive and employment regions”: Define these 2 terms below.
a.Convergence Regions definition:
Looking at the map 11-23 list 10: Convergence regions:
b.Competitive and Employment Regions definition:
Map 11-23 List 10 Competiveness and employment regions:
19.How has Spain's manufacturing growth been helped by admission to the EU in 1986?
a.
b.
20.East of Germany and West of Russia have become major centers of industry since the fall of communism in the early 1990s. Facts about this area on the next page.
a.
b. This region prefers to be called ______.
21.This new area of Poland, Czech Republic, and Hungary offers:
a.
b.
International Shifts in Industry p. 363-364
22.In 1970, nearly 1/2 of world industry was in ______and nearly 1/3 was in ______.
23.The share of world industry in other regions has increased from 1/6 in 1970 to ______in 2010.
Increasingly important industrial areas outside of NA and Europe include:
24.East Asia: Give important facts
a.
b.
c.
25.South Asia:
a.
b.
c.
d.
26.Latin America:
a.
b.
c. maquiladora plants:
d. Mexico City:
e. Brazil leading:
f. Brazil's industry:
27.Looking at map 11-24 p. 364, steel production in 1980 was heaviest in what country?______
By 2008 the largest word steel production has been found especially in LDC ______.
Changing Distributions: p. 364-365
28.The shift to new industrial regions can be seen clearly in ______and ______.
29. Looking at Map 11-25, p. 365. MDCs had ______of global steel in 1980 compared to only ______in 2008.
30.Labor-intensive industries have been attracted to ______.
31.Apparel works in the USA declined from 90,000 in 1990 to ______in 2009.
32.Even mills in the Southeast USA paying $10 to $15 per hour have been unable to complete with LDC countries paying less $____ an hour.
33.European countries have been hit even harder by international competition. Compensation for manufacturing employees exceed $______per hour in much of Europe.
34.Looking at Figure 11-26, p. 365, what 2 declines are shown regarding apparel production and jobs? a.
b.
Outsourcing p. 365
35.Transnational corporations have been esp. aggressive in using ______.
36. However, operations that require highly skilled workers remain in ______. This selective transfer of some jobs to LDCs is known as the ______.
37.Transnational corporations allocate production to low-wage countries through ______which is turning over much of the responsibility for production to ______.
38. How does this differ from the typical traditional mass production called vertical integration?
39.Explain vertical integration with the example of the USA carmakers.
40.As a result of outsourcing, carmakers account:
41. Why has outsourcing had a major impact on the distribution of manufacturing? p. 366
42. How has this scrutiny of the production process affected carmakers? p. 366
43.Looking at Figure 11-27 graph on p. 366, which manufacturing workers as of 2007 earn the most money per hour? ______
44.What country pays its workers the least in manufacturing jobs?______
45.Looking in Figure 11-28, the largest clusters of skilled workers are located in 2 places in the USA. Where? ______and ______
46.Figure 11-29: Skilled workers who makes dresses and knit outerwear are still located in or near______.
Renewed Attraction of Traditional Industrial Regions p. 367
47.Even though industry is attracted to low-cost labor, industry still locates in one of the traditional regions, esp. in NE USA and NW Europe. Two location factors influenceindustries to remain in these traditional regions: 1. availability of skilled labor 2. rapid delivery to market
Proximity to Skilled Labor/ Availability of skilled labor p. 366
48. Explain Fordist production:
49. Explain Post-Fordist production:
50. Three types of work rules distinguished post-Fordist lean production: p. 368
a. Teams:
b. Problem solving:
c. Leveling:
Rapid Delivery to Market/ Just-in-Time Delivery p. 368
51.Just-in-time means:
52.Just-in-time manufacturers locate factories near its ______. customers
53.This type of delivery reduces the ______that a manufacturer must tie-up in wasteful inventory.
54.Manufacturers also save money by reducing______because______
______.
55.______manufacturers have eliminated inventory altogether. Computer
56.They build computers only in response to customer ______primarily by ______or the ______.
57.What does Wal-Mart do?
58.Two kinds of disruptions can result from reliance on just-in-time delivery.
a. Labor unrest:
b. Acts of God:
Global Forces, Local Impacts: What is an American Car? p. 367
59.US government distinguishes between domestic and foreign vehicles in three ways:
a. Measuring fuel efficiency:
b. For setting import tariffs:
c. American Automobile Labeling Act of 1992:
d. In the USA, ____ of vehicle parts are made in the USA by U.S. owned companies, ____ are made in the US by foreign-owned transnational corporations, and _____ are made overseas and imported into the USA.
e. Look at Figure 11-30 p. 367; Motor vehicles sold in the USA by the Detroit 3 contain: ______than do vehicles sold by ______, ______, and ______.
Case Study Revisited: Throwing BRIC at NAFTA p. 369
60.NAFTA has joined the US with its neighbors to the north Canada and south, Mexico, to form one of the world's 3 main industrial regions. Motor vehicles sold in the US may be assembled in Canada with many Mexican parts. Integration of NA industry has generated fear in the US and Canada. NAFTA: North American Free Trade Agreement
Labor leaders fear:
Environmentalists fear:
Mexico has adopted:
Environmentalists charge that Mexico:
61. Problems Mexico faces:
a. loss of 1/4 maquiladora jobs since 2000 because:
b. What does that say about MDC manufacturers above in your opinion?
62.What does BRIC stand for?
63.What power does BRIC have?
a.
b. 2/5: d. Russia/Brazil rich:
c. 21st century;
64. Largest drawback of BRIC: 2 reasons:
a. b.