Key Concepts Sheet Final Exam AP Biology
Key Concepts Sheet – Final Exam AP Biology
Chapter 18, Chapter 19 - Gene Expression and Viruses
Viral structure (genome, capsid, envelope)
Viral reproduction (lytic, lysogenic)
Retrovirus (ex. HIV – DNA from RNA, Reverse transcriptase)
Emergent viruses à mutation, species-species, small isolated
Viroid and prions
Plasmids, transposons
Bacterial recombination (“sexual” reproduction)
Transformation, transduction, conjugation
- influence of mutation if reproducing asexually
Operons - controls gene expression in bacteria
Trp – repressible
Lac – inducible
- Both show negative control
- Positive control w/ cAMP determining level of transcription
------
Chapter 20 – DNA Tools and Biotechnology
DNA – plasmid-bacteria; ampR and tetR with plasmids à what kind of medium will the cells grow on…
Cloning vector and steps of the cloning process
Gel electrophoresis – short vs. long pieces; how will it look when you cut DNA samples and run them?
PCR – Polymerase Chain Reaction (know full name); makes copies of a targeted piece of DNA
Restriction enzymes/sticky and blunt ends
DNA ligase
cDNA/introns/exons à why can’t prokaryotes express eukaryotic genes directly?
Reverse transcriptase
Specialization
Morphology
Differentiation
Totipotent
Pattern formation
Apoptosis
Pesticide resistance (genetic engineering)
Stem cells
------
Chapter 22, Chapter 23, Chapter 24, Chapter 26 – Evolution
Taxonomy – levels (KPCOFGS), interpreting dichotomous charts, finding common ancestors
Theories pre-Lyell/Darwin
Lamarck, Malthus
Natural Selection/ Evolution
Homology vs. Analogy
Universality of genetic code
Basis for evolutionary relationships
Evolution as population change over time (what is a gene pool? What is the smallest unit that can evolve?)
Antibiotic/ Pesticide Resistance
Embryonic connections (present in embryo indicate descent)
Darwinian Fitness
Hardy-Weinberg theory, problems, 5 assumptions à (p + q = 1.0 and p2 + 2pq + q2 = 1.0)
Recessive (fatal – carried by heterozygotes!) AND heterozygote advantage
Population genetics – (mutation, bottleneck, founder, natural selection, recombination, random mating, diploidy, genetic drift) Note: natural selection is NOT random, many other factors ARE random (and due to chance)
Reproductive barriers – pre and post-zygotic
Allopatric and sympatric speciation
Speciation (viable fertile offspring)à anagenesis vs. cladogenesis
Punctuated equilibrium
Mass extinction and influence on diversity
Directional/ Diversifying/ Stabilizing Selection
Biological Species Concept
------
Chapter 25, Chapter 27 - Early Earth and Prokaryotes
Early vs. modern atmosphere (reducing/oxidizing)
RNA to DNA as genetic material à why the switch?
Monomer à polymer à protobionts
Miller experiment
Kingdoms à Domains
Prokaryote vs. human à why are prokaryotes more successful?
Role of prokaryotes (decomposition (PRIMARY JOB!), nitrogen fixation, bioremediation)
Genetic variation via mutation
Binary fission/ conjugation/transformation/transduction
Photoautotroph/chemoautotroph
Structure: endospore, cell wall, genophore, capsule
------
Chapter 29, Chapter 30, Chapter 35, Chapter 36, Chapter 38, Chapter 39 – Botany
4 main groups of land plants and their CHARACTERISTICS
Seeds (survival) and success of angiosperms
Adaptation for terrestrial life
Closest relative to land plants
Fertilization vs. pollination
Double fertilization
4 Parts of a flower
Fruits/Seeds à what do they develop from?
Plant life cycle – alternation of generations (gametophyte to sporophyte/ mitosis vs. meiosis/ gametes/ spores) à KNOW PIC!
Sporophyte vs. Gametophyte
Male and female gametophyte
Parenchyma, collenchyma, sclerenchyma
Xylem – description, transport, wood
Water loss (preventing, transpiration, etc)
Phloem – source-sink transport (examples of sources vs. examples of sinks)
Water Potential (solutes/ pressure/ high to low)
Primary Meristems
Hormones & Functions (auxin, gibberellins, cytokinins, ethylene, abscisic acid)
Phototropism à WHY do plants grow towards light?
------
Chapter 40, Chapter 41, Chapter 42, Chapter 43, Chapter 45, Chapter 48, Chapter 49 – Body Systems
Levels of organization
Types of tissue à include types of connective tissue
Muscle types (three) and characteristics; actin/myosin
Homeostasis
Positive and negative feedback
Essential Nutrients
Hydrolysis (requires enzymes) and Absorption
4 main parts of food processing
General function: stomach, small intestine, large intestine
Peristalsis
Heart structure and blood flow à KNOW the order or blood flow
Blood pressure (systole, diastole and location of highest and lowest pressure in cardiac circuit)
Cardio disorders: hypertension, heart murmur, atherosclerosis, arteriosclerosis
Non-Specific Defenses – what are some examples? (macrophages, etc)
Inflammatory response – triggered by histamine
Immune system (specific, cell mediated vs. humoral, B vs. T cells, response to antigen)
Active vs. passive immunity
Primary vs. Secondary response
Role of Histamine
Antibodies (function and structure); Antigen (SPECIFIC IMMUNITY ONLY!); epitope
MHC
Hormones and control of homeostasis (negative feedback)
Endocrine glands (name, basic function)
PTH – Parathyroid Hormone
Antagonists (insulin/glucagon) à function of each
Endocrine-nervous relationship à structurally/ chemically
Input/integration/output à result if there was no integration center?
Action Potentials (Hyperpolarization, Depolarization, Gated channels, Na+, K+) à KNOW THE PIC!
Neurotransmitters – function/ role of receptors
Nervous system – parasympathetic vs. sympathetic
Brain Parts – functions of cerebellum, medulla, cerebrum, hypothalamus
Stem Cells – What are they and where are they found?
------
Chapters 51 – 56 Ecology
Levels of organization
Birth and death rates and population growth (be able to calculate)
Mutualism/commensalism/predation/competition
Carrying capacity
K- selection and r- selection
J and S population growth curves
Biotic vs. Abiotic
Survivorship Curves
Habituation
Imprinting
Competitive Exclusion Principle (niche)
Mullerian & Batesian mimicry
Food web interpretation (producer, consumer, decomposer)
Trophic level
Keystone species
Primary and Secondary succession
Effects of a fire on a community
Human populations à R or K selection? Type I, II, or III survivorship curves?