ISC Biology Class 12 Syllabus
There isone paper of 3 hours duration divided into two parts.
Part I (20 marks) consists of compulsory short answer questions, testing knowledge, application and skills relating to elementary/fundamental aspects of the entire syllabus.
Part II (50 marks) isdivided into three Sections A, B and C. You arerequired to answer two out of three questions from Section A (each carrying 5 marks), two out of three questions from Section B (each carrying 10 marks) and two out of three questions from Section C (each carrying 10 marks). Therefore a total of six questions are to be answered in Part II.
SECTION A
1. Origin and Evolution of Life
(i) Origin of life:living and nonliving; chemical evolution; organic evolution - Oparin ideas, Miller-Urey experiments; interrelationship among organisms and evidences of evolution: morphological evidences - homology and analogy, vestigial organs, atavism; embryological, palaeontological (fossils) and biogeographical evidences, molecular (genetic) evidences.
(ii) Theories of evolution:Lamarckism: evidences in favour of Lamarckism (giraffe’s neck), criticism of Lamarckism; Darwinism: basic postulates of Darwinism, drawbacks of Darwinism, Neo-Darwinism (Modern Synthetic Theory); Hardy Weinberg’s principle; variations: causes of variation, mutation, selected examples and types of natural selection (DDT resistance in mosquito, sickle-cell anaemia); artificial selection; adaptations. Human evolution: Dryopithecus, Australopithecus, Homo erectus, Homo neanderthalensis, Cromagnon man and Homo sapiens; differences between apes and man.
SECTION B
2. Multicellularity
A. Plants
(i) T. S of young dicot and monocot stem, T. S of young dicot and monocot root and V. S. of dicot and monocot leaf. Secondary growth in stem: brief idea of formation of secondary xylem and secondary phloem by cambium ring formation, annual rings.
(ii) Absorption and movement of water in plants: diffusion, imbibition, osmosis, osmotic pressure, turgor pressure, wall pressure,water potential, diffusion pressure deficit. Mechanism of water absorption (active and passive absorption), root pressure, transpiration, transpiration pull theory for ascent of sap, mechanism of opening and closing of stomata (active potassium theory), guttation.
(iii) Photosynthesis: ultra structure of chloroplast, photochemical and biosynthetic phases, absorption and action spectra, factors affecting photosynthesis, photophosphorylation; photorespiration, transport of solutes.
(iv) Reproduction and development in angiosperms: vegetative reproduction, structure of a typical flower, types of inflorescence (racemose and cymose), sexual reproduction: development of male and female gametophytes, placentation, pollination, fertilisation (Amphimixis) and formation of endosperm, embryo, seed and fruits (broadly classified). Apomixis, Polyembryony, Parthenocarpy.Significance of seed and fruit formation.
(v) Differentiation and organ formation.
B. Animals
Reproduction (human): internal structure of human testis and ovary, menstrual cycle, gametogenesis, embryonic development in mammals (up to three germ layers). Medical termination of pregnancy, infertility.Amniocentesis.Assisted reproductive technologies.
SECTION C
3. Genetics
(i) Fundamentals of Genetics: concept of alleles: dominant and recessive; phenotype and genotype, homozygous and heterozygous, mono and dihybrid crosses.
(ii) Mendel’s experiments with peas; Mendel’s Principles of inheritance, incomplete dominance, co-dominance and multiple alleles, Polygenic inheritance, Pleiotropy.
(iii) Genes: packaging of hereditary material in chromosomes. Linkage and crossing over; mutation, sex determination and sex linkage, search for DNA as genetic material, central dogma; genetic code, protein synthesis. Human genome project. DNA finger printing.
(iv) Recombinant DNA technology and its applications.
4. Applications of Biology
(i) Crop improvement:methods of crop improvement: selection, hybridisation, plant breeding, plant introduction, tissue culture; single cell protein; biofortification; biopesticides.
(ii) Biotic community:intraspecific and interspecific relationship, commensalism, predation, scavenging, parasitism, symbiosis, biotic stability, biotic succession and ecological adaptations.
(iii) Biodiversity today:importance of biodiversity, types of biodiversity, genetic conservation, gene banks andcryopreservation. Loss of biodiversity - threatened, endangered and extinct species.Strategies for conservation of biodiversity -in-situ and ex-situ.
(iv) Biofertilisers:green manure, nitrogen fixation - symbiotic and non-symbiotic organisms, nitrogen cycle.
(v) Human Diseases:Body’s defence mechanisms: (specific and non-specific); immune disorders (SCID and AIDS); allergies, interferons. Communicable diseases: causative agent, symptoms and prevention ofthe following: bacterial diseases (typhoid and pneumonia), viral diseases (common cold, swine flu and dengue), protozoa (malaria, and amoebiasis), helminthes (ascariasis, ringworm, and filariasis); sexually transmitted diseases (STD). Non-communicable diseases: cancer (types, causes, diagnosis and treatment); human genetic disorders: (haemophilia, thalassaemia, Down’s syndrome, Klinefelter’s syndrome, Turner syndrome). Rh factor incompatibility -during transfusion and pregnancy.Genetic counselling; a brief idea of stem cells, organ transplants and immunosuppression.
(vi) Adolescent issues:alcoholism and drugs.
(vii) Biomedical Engineering:(only applications) Instruments -ECG, EEG, CT scan, ultrasound, MRI, pacemakers, implants, dialysis, external prosthesis.
(viii) Human population:population growth curves, causes of increase in population.
(ix) Animal Husbandry:Dairy farm management, poultry farm management, apiculture, pisiculture.
ISC Chemistry Class 12 Syllabus
There isone paper of 3 hours duration divided into 2 parts.
Part I (20 marks) consists of compulsory short answer questions, testing knowledge, application and skills relating to elementary/fundamental aspects of the entire syllabus.
Part II (50 marks) isdivided into 3 Sections, A, B and C. Youare required to answer two out of three questions from Section A (each carrying 10 marks), two out of three questions from Section B (each carrying 5 marks) and two out of three questions from Section C (each carrying 10 marks). Therefore, a total of six questions are to be answered in Part II.
SECTION A
1. Relative Molecular Mass and Mole
(i) Normality, molality, molarity, mole fraction, as measures of concentration.
(ii) Raoult's law and colligative properties.
(iii) Nonvolatile, non electrolytic solute.
(iv) Dissociation - Electrolytic solute.
(v) Association.
(vi) Relative molecular mass of non-volatile substances:
- (a) By relative lowering of vapour pressure.
- (b) Depression in freezing point.
- (c) Elevation in boiling point method.
- (d) Osmotic pressure and its application in the determination of relative molecular mass.
- (e) van’t Hoff factor.
- (f) van’t Hoff equation and its interpretation.
- (g) Simple numerical problems on different methods mentioned above for the determination of molecular masses. Abnormal molecular masses in case of electrolytes and in case of solutes which associate.
2. States of Matter: Structure and Properties
Solid State
Crystalline and amorphous substances; lattice; unit cell; 3–D packing of atoms in a crystal lattice; relation between radius, edge length and nearest neighbour distance of atoms in a unit cell; density of a unit cell; interstitial void; imperfections in solids, ionic, metallic and atomic solids, electrical and magnetic properties.
3. Chemical Kinetics
Qualitative meaning of chemical kinetics, comparison with chemical dynamics; slow and fast reactions; rate of reactions; factors affecting the rate of reaction such as: concentration, temperature, nature of reactants and products, surface area of reactants, presence of catalyst and radiation; Rate constant; Rate law; Law of Mass Action; concept of energy barrier; threshold energy, activation energy; formation of activated complex; exothermic and endothermic reactions; collision theory for a chemical change; order of a reaction; rate equation of zero and first order reaction; half life period; molecularity of a reaction; mechanism of elementary and overall reaction; variation of rate constant with temperature; Arrhenius equation – K=Ae-Ea/RT; related graphs; catalyst.
4. Chemical Equilibria
(i) Reversible reactions and dynamic equilibrium. The concept of equilibrium constant in terms of concentration or partial pressure to indicate the composition of the equilibrium mixture. The following are the examples: the dissociation of dinitrogentetroxide, hydrolysis of simpleesters, the Contact Process for the manufacture of sulphuric acid, the synthesis of ammonia by Haber’s process.
(ii) Le Chatelier’s Principle and its applications to chemical equilibria.
5. Ionic Equilibria
(i) Ostwald’s dilution law and its derivation. Strength of acids and bases based on their dissociation constant.
(ii) Arrhenius, Brönsted-Lowry and Lewis concept of acids and bases, Multistage ionization of acids and bases with examples.
(iii) Ionic product of water, pH of solutions and pH indicators.
(iv) Common ion effect.
(v) Salt hydrolysis.
(vi) Buffer solutions.
(vii) Solubility product and its applications.
6. Electrochemistry
(i) Faraday’s laws of Electrolysis, Coulometer.
(ii) Relation between Faraday, Avogadro’s number and charge on an electron. F = NAe should be given (no details of Millikan’s experiment are required).
(iii) Galvanic cells, mechanism of current production in a galvanic cell; and electrode potential, standard hydrogen electrode, electrochemical series, Nernst equation.
(iv) Electrolytic conductance: specific conductance. Measuring of molar and equivalent conductance; Kohlrausch's law.
(v) Corrosion.
(vi) Batteries.
SECTION B
7. Coordination Compounds
Concept of complexes; definition of ligands; classification of ligands, coordination number, coordination sphere; IUPAC nomenclature of coordination compounds; isomerism; magnetic characteristics of coordination compounds on the basis of valence bond theory and crystal field theory. Stability constant; uses of coordination compounds in different fields.
8. Chemistry of p-Block Elements
Group 16, 17, 18 - The following should be included: (a) Occurrence, (b) Physical State, (c) Electronic configuration, (d) Atomic and ionic radii, (e) Common oxidation states, (f) Electronegative character, (g) Ionisation enthalpy, (h) Oxidising nature, (i) Nature of oxides, hydroxides, hydrides, carbonates, nitrates, chlorides, sulphates, wherever applicable.
9. Preparation/ Manufacture, Properties and Uses of Compounds of Groups 16, 17
Ozone, Hydrogen peroxide, Sulphur Dioxide, Sulphuric Acid, Hydrochloric Acid
10. Chemistry of Transition and Inner-Transition Elements
d-Block:3d, 4d and 5d series
f-Block:4f and 5f series
Study in terms of metallic character, atomic and ionic radii, ionisation enthalpy, oxidisation states, variable valency, formation of coloured compounds, formation of complexes, alloy formation.
Lanthanoids:Lanthanoid contraction, shielding effect, radioactive nature.
Actinoids- general electronic configuration, oxidation state, comparison with lanthanoids and uses.
Metallurgy of Al, Zn, Fe, Cu and Ag in terms of equations, thermodynamics and electrochemical principles involved in the extraction of metals; electrolytic refining and uses.
Compounds
- 1. Silver nitrate: equation of preparation, use in laboratory and in photography.
- 2. Potassium permanganate: structure, shape, equation of extraction from pyrolusite ore, its oxidising nature in acidic, basic and neutral medium, use in redox titration.
- 3. Potassium dichromate: equation of extraction from chromite ore, structure and shape of molecule and its use in titration.
SECTION C
11. Alkyl and Aryl Halides
(i) The nomenclature of aliphatic compounds containing halogen atom.
(ii) Preparation, properties, uses of haloalkanes.
(iii) Preparation, properties, and uses of the following: ethyl bromide, chloroform, iodoform, haloform reaction.
(iv) Chlorobenzene.
(v) Organometallic compounds.
12. Alcohols and Phenols
(i) Classification, general formulae, structure and nomenclature.
(ii) Methods of preparation, manufacture, properties and uses.
(iii) Preparation, properties and uses of ethane-1, 2 diol, propane-1, 2, 3 triol (outline - no details).
(iv) Conversion of one alcohol into another.
(v) Distinction between primary, secondary and tertiary alcohols.
13. Ethers, Carbonyl Compounds.
(i) Ethers:general formula and structure. Nomenclature; preparation, properties and uses of ether (outline, no detail), with reference to diethyl ether.
(ii) Carbonyl compounds:methods of preparation, properties and uses of aldehydes and ketones.
14. Carboxylic acids and Acid Derivatives
(i) Carboxylic acids:classification, general formulae, structure and nomenclature: monocarboxylic acids, general methods of preparation, properties and uses of acids.
(ii) Acid derivatives:laboratory preparation, properties and uses of acetyl chloride, acetic anhydride, acetamide, ethylacetate; urea preparation (by Wohler's synthesis), properties and uses of urea, manufacture of urea from ammonia and by cyanamide process.
15. Cyanides, Isocyanides, Nitro compounds, Amines and Diazonium Salts
Their nomenclature, general methods of preparation, correlation of physical properties with their structure, chemical properties, their uses.
16. Polymers
Polymerisation: the principle of addition and condensation polymerisation illustrated by reference to natural and synthetic polymers e.g. proteins, polyolefins and synthetic fibres; thermoplastics, thermosetting plastics, chemotrophs; reference should also be made to the effect of chain-length and cross-linking on physical properties of polymers.
17. Biomolecules
carbohydrates, proteins, enzymes, vitamins and nucleic acids.
ISC Commerce Class 12 Syllabus
Part 1 (20 marks) consists of compulsory short answer questions testing knowledge, application and skills relating to elementary / fundamental aspects of the entire syllabus.
Part II (60 marks) consists of eight questions out of which you arerequired to answer five questions, each carrying 12 marks.
1. Business Environment
Concept, and importance of Business Environment.
2. Financing
(i) Capital: Sources of finance for sole trader; partnership; Joint Stock Company; financial planning.
(ii) Sources of finance for a Joint Stock Company.
- (a) Different types of shares: equity, preference. Bonus shares, rights issue, ESOP, Sweat Equity Shares, Retained earnings.
- (b) Loan capital: debentures.
- (c) Loans from commercial banks and Financial Institutions.
- (d) Short-term sources of funds.
(iii) Banking - latest trends.
3. Management
(i) Management: Meaning, objectives and characteristics of management.
(ii) Nature of Management - Science, Art and Profession.
(iii) Importance of Management.
(iv) Principles of Management: nature of principles; need for principles.
(v) Functions of Management: Planning; Organising; Staffing; Directing; Controlling and Coordinating.
4. Marketing
(i) Marketing: concept and functions.
(ii) Marketing Mix.
(iii) Consumer protection: rights of consumers, methods of consumer protection.
ISC Economics Class 12 Syllabus
Part 1 (20 marks) consists of compulsory short answer questions testing knowledge, application and skills relating to elementary / fundamental aspects of the entire syllabus.
Part II (60 marks) consists of eight questions out of which candidates will be required to answer five questions, each carrying 12 marks.
1. Micro Economic Theory
(i) Demand:meaning, factors affecting demand; Demand function; Law of Demand; derivation of demand curve; movement and shift of the demand curve; exceptions to the Law of Demand.
Law of Diminishing Marginal Utility, Law of Equimarginal Utility, consumer’s equilibrium through utility approach (Cardinal) and indifference curve analysis (Ordinal).
(ii) Elasticity of demand:meaning, types of elasticity of demand, measurement of elasticity of demand; factors affecting elasticity of demand.
(iii) Supply:meaning; difference between stock and supply; determinants of supply; Law of Supply; movement and shift of the supply curve; elasticity of supply.
(iv) Market Mechanism:Equilibrium and disequilibrium; Equilibrium price and effect of changes in demand and supply on the equilibrium price. Simple applications of tools of demand and supply.
(v) Concept of production and production function(short run and long run production function), returns to a factor, total, average and marginal physical products; Law of Variable Proportions and its three stages.
(vi) Cost and revenue:Basic concepts of cost; fixed cost, variable cost, total cost, marginal cost and average cost – their relationships; opportunity cost; short run and long run cost curves. Revenue: meaning; average revenue, marginal revenue and total revenue and their relationships under perfect competition and imperfect competition, Producer’s equilibrium.
(vii) Main market forms:perfect competition, monopolistic competition, oligopoly, monopoly, monopsony; characteristics of the various market forms; equilibrium of a firm in perfect competition under short run and long run.
2. Theory of Income and Employment
Basic concepts and determination of Income and Employment
3. Money and Banking
(i) Money:meaning, functions of money, supply of money.
(ii) Banks:functions of commercial bank; high powered money, credit creation by commercial banks; Central Bank: functions.
4. Balance of Payment and Exchange Rate
Balance of Payment - meaning, components; foreign exchange - meaning, determination of exchange rate (Flexible).
5. Public Finance
(i) Fiscal Policy:meaning and instruments of fiscal policy.
(ii) Government Budget:meaning, types and components.
6. National Income
(i) Circular flow of Income.
(ii) Concepts and definition of NY, GNP, GDP, NNP, private income, personal income, personal disposable income, National Disposable Income and per capita income; relationship between the income concepts.
(iii) Methods of measuring National Income: product or value-added method; income method and expenditure method with simple numericals based on them.
ISC Geography Class 12 Syllabus
Thereisone Theory paper of three hours duration divided into two parts - Part I (30 marks) iscompulsory and consists of Section A and Section B. Section A includes compulsory short answer questions testing knowledge, application and skills related to elementary/fundamental aspects of the entire syllabusSection B consists of one question on map work.
Part II (40 marks) consists of seven questions. You arerequired to answer four out of seven questions. Each question in this part carries 10 marks.
1. Physical Environment
(i) Locational setting - India: size and area. Present importance of the location of India with reference to the Indian Ocean Rim countries and the Northern and Western frontiers. Comparison with China and Australia.
Extent, position with reference to latitude and longitude, length of coastline and frontiers with neighbouring countries.The locational advantages of India in the Indian Ocean and as a subcontinent.
(ii) Structure of India- Geological formation, relief and drainage; major physiographic divisions and their characteristics.
(a) Outline of the geological evolution and structure: basic definitions - geology, era, periods, physiography, geological structure, stratigraphy.
Names of the main Standard and Indian geological eras with reference to Indian Geology.
Geological evolution of: the Peninsular Plateau, the Himalayas and the Great Plains. Difference between the Peninsular Plateau and the Himalayas. (The Geological rock formations of India are not required).
(b) The three-fold physiographic divisions: the Himalayan mountain complex, the Indus-Ganga-Brahmaputra Plains and the Peninsular Plateau.
Himalayan mountain complex: (orthoclinal structure)
The three parallel ranges, the northwest and northeast offshoots, comparison between Western and Eastern Himalayas. Regional divisions of the Himalayas (Kashmir/ Punjab Himalayas, Himachal/ Uttranchal/ Kumaon Himalayas, Nepal Himalayas, Assam Himalayas).
Indus-Ganga-Brahmaputra Plains
The relief features - bhabar, tarai, bhangar, khaddar, bhur, barind, barkhans, khols, dhaya, bet, chos, doabs. Regional divisions of the plains: Rajasthan plain (the Great Indian desert), Punjab plain, Ganga plain, Brahamaputra/ Assam plain.).