Table 2. Lesion sites, causative diseases, and pattern of oculomotor nerve palsy in previously reported cases with Claude’s syndrome

Reference /

Author

/ Year / Age(y)/sex / Lesion site / Etiology / Method of study / Risk Factors /

Involved oculomotor nerve fascicles

RN / SCP / P / IR / IO / SR / LP / MR
1,2 / Claude / 1912 / 56/M / + / + / CI / Pathology / None / + / + / + / + / + / +
3 / Keane / 1984 / 63/M / + / + / T / Pathology / Lung cancer / + / + / + / + / + / +
4 / Kistler / 1984 / 72/F / UD / CI / MRI / Hypertension / Not described
5 / Bogousslavsky / 1984 / 79/F / UD / CI /

CT

/

A-fib

/ - / - / - / + / + / +
6 / Woo / 1987 / 66/M / UD / CI / CT / None / + / + / + / + / + / +
7 / Iwatsubo / 1987 / 48/F / - / + / CI / MRI / Hypertension / - / + / + / + / + / +
8 / Ksiazek / 1989 / 66/F / - / + / CI / MRI / Not described / - / - / - / + / + / -
9 / Breen / 1991 / 23/F / - / + / CI / MRI / None / - / + / + / + / + / +
10 / Gaymard / 1991 / 53/F / UD / CI / CT / None / - / + / + / + / + / +
11 / Milandre / 1992 / 63/F / - / + / CI / MRI / H-Chol / - / + / + / + / + / +
To be continued
11 / Milandre / 1992 / 68/M / - / + / CI / MRI / H-Chol / + / + / + / + / - / +
12 / Ksiazek / 1994 / 34/M / UD / CH / CT / Not described / + / + / - / - / - / +
13 / Bogousslavsky / 1994 / 62/F / UD / CI / MRI / None / Not described
13 / Bogousslavsky / 1994 / 66/M / UD / CI / MRI / Hypertension, IHD / Not described
13 / Bogousslavsky / 1994 / 58/M / UD / CI / MRI / Polycythemia vera / Not described
14 / Mrabet / 1995 / 62/M / UD / CI / CT / Hypertension, DM / - / + / + / + / + / +
14 / Mrabet / 1995 / 60/M / UD / CI / CT / DM / + / + / + / + / + / +
15 / Toyoda / 1998 / 80/F / - / + / CI /

MRI

/

Hypertension

/ + / + / + / + / + / +

The precise localization in relation to the red nucleus could not be determined in subjects who are expressed as UD (=undetermined). The reason of being undertermined is described in the text of the print version in detail. A-fib = Atrial fibrillation; CH = cerebral hemorrhage; CI = cerebral infarction; CT= Computed tomography; DM = diabetes mellitus; H-Chol = Hypercholesterolemia; IHD = Ischemic heart disease IO = inferior oblique; IR = inferior rectus; LP = levator palpebrae; MR = medial rectus; MRI = Magnetic resonance imaging; P = parasympathetic pupillary fibers; RN = red nucleus; SCP = superior cerebellar peduncle; SR = superior rectus; T = tumor.

References

1. Claude H. Syndrome pedonculaire de la region du noyau rouge. Rev Neurol (Paris) 1912;23:311-313.

2. Claude H, Loyez. Ramollissement du noyau rouge. Rev Neurol (Paris) 1912;24:49-51.

3. Keane JR, Zaias B, Itabashi HH. Levator-sparing oculomotor nerve palsy caused by a solitary midbrain metastasis. Arch Neurol 1984;41:210-212.

4. Kistler JP, Buonanno FS, DeWitt LD, Davis KR, Brady TJ, Fisher CM. Vertebral-basilar posterior cerebral territory stroke delineation by proton nuclear magnetic resonance imaging. Stroke 1984;15:417-426.

5. Bogousslavsky J, Regli F. Intra-axial involvement of the common oculomotor nerve in mesencephalic infarctions. Rev Neurol (Paris) 1984;140:263-270.

6. Woo E, Huang CY, Chan FL, Yu YL. Claude's syndrome: clinical and computed tomography correlations. J Comput Tomogr 1987;11:208-211.

7. Iwatsubo T, Iwata M, Inoue K, Mannen T. Magnetic resonance imaging in a case of paramedian mesencephalic infarction. Rev Neurol(Paris) 1987;143:605-607.

8. Ksiazek SM, Repka MX, Maguire A, et al. Divisional oculomotor nerve paresis caused by intrinsic brainstem disease. Ann Neurol 1989;26:714-718.

9. Breen LA, Hopf HC, Farris BK, Gutmann L. Pupil-sparing oculomotor nerve palsy due to midbrain infarction.Arch Neurol 1991;48:105-106.

10. Gaymard B, Saudeau D, de Toffol B, Larmande P, Autret A. Two mesencephalic lacunar infarctspresenting as Claude's syndrome and pure motor hemiparesis. Eur Neurol 1991;31:152-155.

11. Milandre L, Peretti P, Gouirand R, Khalil R. Paralysis of the common oculomotor nerve and contralateral cerebellar syndrome (Claude's syndrome). 2 cases caused by mesencephalic infarction. Rev Neurol (Paris) 1992;148:225-229.

12. Ksiazek SM, Slamovits TL, Rosen CE, Burde RM, Parisi F. Fascicular arrangement in partial oculomotor paresis. Am J Ophthalmol 1994;118:97-103.

13. Bogousslavsky J, Maeder P, Regli F, Meuli R. Pure midbrain infarction: clinical syndromes, MRI, and etiologic patterns. Neurology 1994;44:2032-2040.

14. Mrabet A, Fredj M, Gouider R. Claude syndrome caused by mesencephalic infarction: 2 cases. Rev Neurol (Paris) 1995;151:274-276.

15. Toyoda K, Saku Y, Ibayashi S, Fushima M. Claude’s syndrome associated with sensory loss. Cerebrovasc Dis 1997:7;55-56.

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