Introduction to Critical Zone Science; 8-9:10 TR, UA-PAS 316, Dr. Washburne(V.8/21/15)

Introduction to Critical Zone Science; 8-9:10 TR, UA-PAS 316, Dr. Washburne(v.8/21/15)

List of Topics by Day/Date

Day / Date / Unit / Topic
1 / 8/25 / 0.1 / Introductions & Integrate docs
2 / 8/27 / 1.1.1 / CZ Background; CZO Science reports
3 / 9/1 / 1.2.1 / Soil forming Factors
4 / 9/3 / 1.2.2 / Web Soil Survey
5 / 9/8 / 1.3.1 / Systems - Five-spheres
6 / 9/10 / 2.1.2 / Spreadsheet Skills
7 / 9/15 / 2.2.1 / CZ Concepts & Methods
8 / 9/17 / 2.1.1 / Research methods – Jim out
9 / 9/22 / 2.2.2 / Methods reports
10 / 9/24 / 3.1.1 / Water & Energy Budgets and Fluxes
11 / 9/29 / 3.1.2 / CZO database graphs
12 / 10/1 / 3.2.1 / Carbon Budgets and Fluxes
13 / 10/6 / 3.2.2 / Eddy Correlation
14 / 10/8 / 4.1.1 / Water Balance - point
15 / 10/13 / 4.1.2 / Water Balance - tree
16 / 10/15 / 4.2.1 / Water Balance - Watershed
17 / 10/20 / 4.2.2 / Sim Water
18 / 10/22 / 5.1.1 / Rock Cycle and Tectonics
19 / 10/27 / 5.1.2 / National Geologic Map Database
20 / 10/29 / 5.2.1 / Landforms reports
21 / 11/3 / 5.2.2 / Aerial Photographs
22 / 11/5 / 6.1.1 / BioGeoChemical Cycle
23 / 11/10 / 6.1.2 / Carbon & Nitrogen
24 / 11/12 / 6.2.1 / Deadzone activity
25 / 11/17 / 6.2.2 / Eutrophication
26 / 11/19 / 7.1.1 / Human Impacts
27 / 11/24 / 7.1.2 / Model My Watershed
11/26 / Thanksgiving
28 / 12/1 / 7.2.1 / Soil Carbon
29 / 12/3 / 8.1 / Final Presentations
30 / 12/8 / 8.1 / Final Presentations

Introduction to Critical Zone Science

Summary of Student Work byModule

Note: (Full citations follow)

Module 0 – Intro and Pre-assessment

Day/
unit / In-class Topic / Readings & Websites / HW Assignments
1 /
0.1 / - Student ID = Site Lat/Lon(5dig)- UA-ID (4dig)
Overview of course
Introduce homework
Explain consent form and need for survey data
- student consent form
- pre/post geoscience literacy exam (GLE) (8 MC questions)
- pre/post instruction attitudinal survey (on-line) (6 questions + demographics) / Read
- Course syllabus and policies / pre/post One-page CZ Definition (4 aspects) & learning goals

Module 1 – CZ Background

Day / In-class Topic/Activity / Readings & Websites (97 p +) / HW/D2LAssignments
2 /
1.1.1 / Topic
- Reading Groups – Brief Reports/Summary/Disc.
Review initial thoughts about CZ definition
Introduce final semester project (1:1 mtgs) / pre-Read (groups)

NAP (2001), pp . 35-45
Brantley, et al (2006), pp. 1-30
Banwart et al (2014), all
NSF Panel (2011)

Browse/review 5 web sites (in-class) / Group Reading reports & 5 minute presentations on CZO Introduction
3 /
1.2.1
4 /
1.2.2 / Lec: Soil formation factors
Videos
Disc: Impacts of soil erosion in the CZ
WebSoilSurvey / pre-Read
Brady & Weil (2002), pp. 39-64 OR
plus 9 web sites:
Browse “12 soil orders” (in-class) / Act1.1: “12 Soil Orders”, 2 pg. report (HW)
Act1.2: SoilSurvey report (HW)
5 /
1.3.1 / Five –spheres
- Reading Groups – Brief Reports/Summary/Disc. / pre-Read
Brantley, et al (2007), pp. 307-314
Mann, C. (2008), pp. 80–106
System Behavior and System Modeling", pp. 1-19
plus group readings ~ 10 pgs / Act1.3: Group reading reports & 5-minute presentations on “5 Spheres”
Act1.4: CZ System Diagram (HW)

Module 2 – Methods in CZ Science

Day / In-class Topic/Activity / Readings & Websites (??p +) / HW Assignments
8 /
2.1.1
6/
2.1.2 / Research Methods - Librarian Visit
- In-class literature research
Spreadsheet Skills
- In-class – explore CZO data sets / Browse/review2 web sites / Act2.1: Annotated Bibliography (5 sources) (HW)
Act 2.2: Spreadsheet (HW)
7 /
2.2.1
9/
2.2.2 / Basic CZ Concepts & Methods
- Reading groups – reports/discussion
Act 2.3: Group presentations on CZ Methods / Groups will read/analyze assigned topics on CZ concepts ( in-class) / Reflect on what you have learned essay??

Module 3 – Land-atmosphere Exchanges

Day / In-class Topic/Activity / Readings & Websites (55 p +) / HW Assignments
10 /
3.1.1
11/
3.1.2 / Intro to Water & Energy budgets and fluxes
- Lecture
- Act 3.1 – Discovery activity - Explore CZO/Met/flux database
- Act 3.3 - Discovery activity – Examining Annual Energy Balance graphs / pre-Read:
Rasmussen, et.al.(2011), pp. 15-29
pre-Read:
Brown, P.; (2005), 12 p. / Act 3.2 – Working with CZO/Met/flux database - Energy Flux Graphing (HW)
Act 3.4 – Working with CZO/Met/flux database - Reference ET (HW)
12 /
3.2.1
13/
3.2.2 / Intro to Carbon budgets and fluxes
- Lecture
- Act 3.5 - Discovery activity - Examining Annual Carbon Flux Graphs
- Act 3.6a – Exploring Ameriflux database
Intro to Eddy Correlation and Modeling
- Lecture / pre-Read:
US Carbon Cycle Science Program, What is the Carbon Cycle?
Wikipedia, Primary Productivity
Pre-read:
Luyssaert, et al., (2007), pp. 2509-2537. / Act 3.6b – Working with the Ameriflux database – Carbon Flux Graphing (HW)
Act 3.7 - Working with the Ameriflux database – Carbon Flux Hypothesis (HW)

Module 4 – Water Transfer through the CZ

Day / In-class Topic/Activity / Readings & Websites (64 p +) / HW Assignments
14/
4.1.1
15/
4.1.2 / Water balance at a point
- Lecture
- Act 4.1 –Water balance at CZO scale
- Lecture
- Act 4.1 –Water balance of a tree / pre-Read:
Dingman, & Lawrence (2002), 27 pgs / - - Act 4.1 –Water balance of a tree (HW)
16/
4.2.1
17/
4.2.2 / Water balance at larger scales
- Lecture
- Act 4.3 – class discussion
- Act 4.4 – Sim Water / pre-Read:
Allen (2007) / - Act 4.4 – Sim Water write up (HW)

Module 5 – Landform & Landscape Evolution

Day / In-class Topic/Activity / Readings & Websites (24 p +) / HW Assignments
18/
5.1.1
19/
5.1.2 / Rock Cycle and Tectonics
- Reading groups – Brief Reports/Summary/Disc.
National Geologic Map Database
- class demo
- Act 5.1 NGM database / pre-Read (5 hrs):
Anderson et al. (2007), pp. 315-319.
plus 7 web sites / - 4 questions
– short report of your results
20/
5.2.1
21/
5.2.2 / Landforms
- Reading groups – Brief Reports/Summary/Disc.
- View and discuss some landform images
- Lecture – Intro to RS and Aerial photography
- Act 5.2 - Aerial photos activity / pre-read (5 hrs):
Birkeland (1999), Ch.9
plus many web sites / - Aerial photographs landscape/geomorphology
1 pg report

Module 6 – Geochemistry & BGC

Day / In-class Topic/Activity / Readings & Websites (75 p +) / HW Assignments
22/
6.1.1
23/
6.1.2 / BGC Modeling Framework
- Review BGC slides
- Reading groups – Brief Reports/Summary/Disc.
- Act 6.1 - Carbon and Nitrogen Isotope Activity / pre-read (~ 20 pgsea)
4 sets of reading for different groups / General Scientific Habit of Mind Question
Related reading questions
Optional capstone research presentation
24/
6.2.1
25/
6.2.2 / Dead Zone activity
Plot the dead zone
Eutrophication controls
Crystal Ball capstone / plus many web sites
Petty (1998),10 pgs
Filippelli (2002), 35 pgs
Buss, et al. (2010) / Concept Map
Summary or case-study
Nutrient challenge activity

Module 7 – Humans in the CZ

Day / In-class Topic/Activity / Readings & Websites (34 p +) / HW Assignments
26/
7.1.1
27/
7.1.2 / Model my watershed activity

BMP Assignment
Model my watershed
In class discussion
Types of farming project
Dust Bowl 3-page summary
Christina River Basin CZO Report

/ plus many web sites
28/
7.2.1 / Comparison of soil carbon by land use / Montgomery, 34 pg
plus many web sites / pre/post test
29/
7.2.2 / Ag Impacts?

Module 8 – Post-assessment and Final Projects

Day/ / In-class Topic/Activity / Readings & Websites / HW Assignments
30 /
8.1 / Final Project Presentations
- paper and powepoint to SERC
- pre/post geoscience literacy exam (GLE) (8 multiple-choice questions)
- pre/post attitudinal survey
- post GLE essay questions (2) / pre/post One-page CZ Definition (4 aspects)

REFERENCES

CRITICAL ZONE BACKGROUND

Committee on Basic Research Opportunities in the Earth Sciences. (2001). The Critical Zone: Earth's Near-surface Environment. In Basic Research Opportunities in Earth Science (pp. 35–45). Washington, D.C.: National Academy Press.
Brantley, S., White, T., White, A., Sparks, D., Richter, D., Pregitzer, K., et al. (2006). Frontiers in exploration of the Critical Zone. In Frontiers in exploration of the Critical Zone: Report of a workshop sponsored by the National Science Foundation (NSF) (pp. 1–30). Newark, DE.
Banwart, S., Chorover, J., Gaillardet, J., Sparks, D., White, T., et al. (2013). Sustaining Earth's Critical Zone: Basic Science and Interdisciplinary Solutions for Global Challenges, University of Sheffield, United Kingdom, ISBN: 978-0-9576890-0-8.
McCauley, Jones and Jacobsen (2005).Basic Soil Properties, Soil & Water Management Module 1, Montana SU Extension, Pub#4481-1, 12 pgs
Brady, N. C., and R. R. Weil (2002). Formation of Soils from Parent Materials. In The Nature and Properties of Soils (13th ed., pp. 39–64). Upper Saddle River, N.J.: Prentice Hall.
Brantley, S. L., Goldhaber, M. B., & Ragnarsdottir, K. V. (2007). Crossing disciplines and scales to understand the critical zone. Elements, 3(5), 307–14.
Mann, C. (2008). Our Good Earth. National Geographic, 214(3), 80–106.
Atmosphere and hydrosphere (climate and hydrology):
IPCC, 2008, Climate Change and Water
Wilkinson, B. H. (2005). Humans as geologic agents; a deep-time perspective. Geology (Boulder), 33(3), 161–4.
Montgomery, D. R. (2007). Is agriculture eroding civilization's foundation? GSA Today, 17(10), 4–9 .doi: 10.1130/GSAT01710A.1.
Vitousek, P. M., Mooney, H. A., Lubchenco, J., & Melillo, J. M. (1997). Human domination of Earth's ecosystems. Science, 277(5325), 494–9.
Soil: Richter, D. D. J. Humanity's Transformation of Earth's Soil: Pedology's New Frontier. Soil Science, 172(12), 957–67.
Sugden, A., Stone, R., & Ash, C. (2004). Ecology in the Underworld. Science, 304(5677), 1613–1615.
Kaiser, J. (2004). Wounding Earth's Fragile Skin. Science, 304(5677), 1616–1618.
Stokstad, E. (2004). Defrosting the Carbon Freezer of the North. Science, 304(5677), 1618–1620.
McNeill, J. R., & Winiwarter, V. (2004). Breaking the Sod: Humankind, History, and Soil. Science, 304(5677), 1627–1629.

METHODS IN CZ SCIENCE

LAND-ATMOSPHERE EXCHANGE

Rasmussen, et.al, 2011, An open system framework for integrating critical zone structure and function, Biogeochem, 102:15-29. DOI 10.1007/s10533-010-9476-8
Brown, P.; Standardized Reference Evapotranspiration, AZ Coop.Extension, 2005, 12 p. ag.arizona.edu/pubs/water/az1324.pdf
US Carbon Cycle Science Program, What is the Carbon Cycle?
Wikipedia, Primary Productivity
Luyssaert, et al., 2007, Global Change Biology, 13, 2509-2537.

WATER TRANSFER THROUGH THE CZ

Dingman, S. Lawrence. Chapters 1 and 2. "Introduction to Hydrologic Science" and "Basic Hydrologic Concepts". Physical Hydrology. Second Ed. Prentice Hall: New Jersey, 2002.:
Hunsaker, C.T., T.W. Whitaker, and R.C. Bales. 2012. Snowmelt runoff and water yield along elevation and temperature gradients in California's southern Sierra Nevada. Journal of the American Water Resources Association (JAWRA) 48(4): 667-678. DOI: 10.1111/j.1752-1688.2012.00641.x (link may require a subscription to Wiley)
Bales, R.C., J.W. Hopmans, A.T. O'Geen, M. Meadows, P.C. Hartsough, P. Kirchner, C.T. Hunsaker, and D. Beaudette. 2011. Soil Moisture Response to Snowmelt and Rainfall in a Sierra Nevada Mixed-Conifer Forest. Vadose Zone J. 10:786–799. doi:10.2136/vzj2011.0001.
Allen, C.D. 2007. Interactions Across Spatial Scales among Forest Dieback, Fire, and Erosion in Northern New Mexico Landscapes. Ecosystems 10: 797–808. DOI: 10.1007/s10021-007-9057-4.
Tague, C., and H. Peng (2013), The sensitivity of forest water use to the timing of precipitation and snowmelt recharge in the California Sierra: Implications for a warming climate, J. Geophys. Res. Biogeosci., 118, 875–887, doi:10.1002/jgrg.20073.
Lui, F., Hunsaker, C.T., Bales, R.B. Controls of streamflow generation in small catchments across the snow-rain transition in the southern Sierra Nevada, California. Hydrological Processes p. 1959, vol. 27, (2013). Published,DOI:10.1002/hyp.9304

LANDFORM AND LANDSCAPE EVOLUTION

Chapter 9 in Birkeland, P. W. (1999). Soils and Geomorphology (3rd ed.). New York: Oxford University Press.
NASA, Geomorphology Chapter 4: Introduction to Fluvial Landform
Pidwirny (2006) Fundamentals of Physical Geography eBook, Chapter 10.z: Fluvial Landforms
Pidwirny (2006) Fundamentals of Physical Geography eBook, Chapter 10.ah: Eolian Processes and Landforms
USACE (1991) Remote Sensing Field Guide - Desert (PDF, 363 pp, barely legible)
Ritter (2006) The Physical Environment, Ch.19, Glacial Systems
Pidwirny (2008)Encyclopedia of the Earth: Periglacial Processes and Landforms
Ritter (2006) The Physical Environment, Ch.21, Coastal Landforms and Processes
Chapter 10.ac, Coastal and Marine Processes and Landforms
Chapter 10.ac_2, Coastal and Marine Processes and Landforms: Wave Refraction, Erosion, and Deposition

GEOCHEMISTRY AND BIOGEOCHEMISTRY

Gioda, A. et al. 2013. Chemical constituents in clouds and rainwater in the Puerto Rican rainforest: potential sources and seasonal drivers. Atmospheric Environment. 68:208-220.
McDowell, W.H. 1998. Internal nutrient fluxes in a Puerto Rican rainforest. Journal of Tropical Ecology. 14: 521-536
Helfield, J.M. and R.J. Naiman. 2001. Effects of salmon-derived nitrogen on riparian forest growth and implications for stream productivity. Ecology. 82:2403-2409. (Also works in "Role of Organisms in Biogeochemistry" section)
McDowell, W.H. and S.G. Fisher. 1976. Autumnal processing of dissolved organic matter in a small woodland stream ecosystem. Ecology. 57: 561-569.
Bump, J.K. et al. 2009. Wolves modulate soil nutrient heterogeneity and foliar nitrogen by configuring the distribution of ungulate carcasses. Ecology. 90: 3159-3167.
Lavery, T.J. et al. 2010. Iron defecation by sperm whales stimulates carbon export in the Southern Ocean. Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences. 277: 3527-3531.
Vitousek, P.M. and W. A. Rainers. 1975. Ecosystem succession and nutrient retention: a hypothesis. Bioscience. 25: 376-381
Tilman D. et al. 1996. Productivity and sustainability influenced by biodiversity in grassland ecosystems. Nature. 379: 718-720.
Hungate et al. 2003. Nitrogen and climate change. Science. 302: 1512.
Mulholland et al. 2008. Stream denitrification across biomes and its response to anthropogenic nitrate loading. Nature. 452: 202-205.
Weiss, S.B. 1999. Cows, cars, and checkerspot butterflies: nitrogen deposition and management of nutrient-poor grasslands for a threatened species. Conservation Biology. 13: 1476-1486
McClain, M.E. et al. 2003. Biogeochemical hot spots and hot moments at the interface of terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems. Ecosystems. 6: 301-312.
Zak, D.R. et al. 2006: A Molecular Dawn for Biogeochemistry. Trends in Ecology and Evolution. 21: 288-295.
Swap, R. et al. 1992. Saharan dust in the Amazon Basin. Tellus. 44B: 133-149.
Alexander, R.B., R.A. Smith, G.E. Schwarz, E.W. Boyer, J.V. Nolan, and J.W. Brakebill. 2008. Differences in phosphorus and nitrogen delivery to the Gulf of Mexico from the Missississippi River Basin. Environ. Sci. Technol. 42(3):822-830 doi:10.1021/es0716103
Banwart. 2011. Save our soils. Nature. 474: 151-152.
Buss H.L., Mathur R., White A.F., and Brantley S.L. 2010. Phosphorus cycling in deep saprolite, Luquillo Mountains, Puerto Rico. Chemical Geology. DOI: 10.1016/j.chemgeo.2009.08.001
Filippelli, G. M. 2002. The global phosphorus cycle. Reviews in Mineralogy and Geochemistry 48: 391–425. ( (Pre and post Agriculture P Cycling Activity)
Carpenter, S.R., N.R. Caraco, D.L. Corell, R.W. Howarth, A.N. Sharpley, and V.H. Smith. 1998. Nonpoint source pollution of surface waters with phosphorus and nitrogen. Ecological Applications. 8(3):559-568. (

HUMANS IN THE CZ

Dust Bowl chapter in: Dirt, the Erosion of Civilization, David R. Montgomery (2007)

Czscience_Assignmentsum.Docx