Name: ______

Unit 2- pH & Biomolecules/Macromolecules

  1. pH scale
  • Many solutes readily dissolve in water because of water’s polarity.
  • Acids-
  • a substance that releases a hydrogen ion (H+) when dissolved in water
  • The more (H+) hydrogen ions a substance releases, the more acidic the solution is
  1. Bases-
  2. A substance that releases hydroxide ions (OH-) when dissolved
  3. The more (OH-) hydroxide ions a substance release, the more basic the solution is

  1. pH and Buffers

The majority of biological processes carried out by cells occur between pH 6.5 - 7.5.

  1. pH
  2. the measure of concentrations of H+ ions in a solution
  3. pure water is neutral and has a value of 7
  4. acidic has an abundance of H+ and pH values lower than 7
  5. basic has an abundance of OH- and pH values of higher than 7
  6. Buffers
  7. Mixtures that can react with acids or bases to keep the pH within a particular range
  8. To maintain homeostasis it is important to control H+ levels.

Color the following diagrams according to the key.

TheBuilding Blocksof LIFE(pp. 166-169) Organic Chemistry

I. Importance of Carbon- Although a cell is composed of 70-95% water most of the rest is carbon-based compounds.

A. Structure of Carbon

1. Atom # 6: 6 protons & 6 electrons; 2 in first shell & 4 in second

2. has 4 valance electrons- so can make four covalent bonds

3. can also form bonds w/other carbon atoms

4. compounds with carbon-carbon bonds called organic

B. Macromolecules-

  • are large molecules that are formed by joining smaller molecules together

1. Polymers

  1. these are large molecules made up of similar or identical building blocks

2. Monomers

a. are the building blocks or sub units of polymers

3. Biomoleculesare Classes of macromolecules

a. carbohydratesc. proteins

b. lipidsd. nucleic acids

II. Carbohydrates

  1. Elements: C, H, O, always a 2:1 ratio of H atoms to O atoms (2H:1O)
  2. Monomer: monosaccharide
  3. Function: immediate and stored energy; building material
  4. Where found in body: bloodstream, liver; cell walls of plants & fungus
  5. Food source: sugar & starches
  6. Examples:
  7. Monosaccharides: (one sugar)
  8. glucose (C6H12O6)- preferred energy molecule for most organism; including humans
  9. galactose- one component of milk
  10. fructose- found in some fruits
  11. Disaccharides: two monosaccharides bonded together
  12. sucrose- table sugar: glucose + fructose
  13. lactose- milk sugar: glucose + galactose
  14. Polysaccharides: many monosaccharides bonded together; two groups
  15. Storage Polysaccharides: long polymers of glucose; broken down for needed energy
  16. Glycogen- Storage of glucose in animalsStored in liver & muscles
  17. Starch-Storage of glucose in plants. Humans can break down to glucose for energy
  18. Structural Polysaccharides: used for building materials
  19. Cellulose - component of plant cell wallshuman unable to break downimportant source of fiber in our diet
  20. Chitin - Component of fungal cell walls. Component of insect and other arthropod exoskeletal

III. Lipids: (waxy, fatty or oily compounds)

  1. Elements: C, H, O, many more H than in a carb.
  2. Monomer: glycerol & fatty acids
  3. Function: energy storage; insulation; cushioning
  4. Where found in body: cell membrane; innermost layer of skin; surrounding some organs
  5. Food Source: butter, shortening, olive oil, ect.
  6. Examples:
  7. Fats & Oils
  8. all have 3 fatty acid tails
  9. fats solid at room temperature
  10. oils liquid at room temperature
  11. saturated fats- no carbon-carbon double bonds
  12. unsaturated fats- at least one carbon-carbon double bonds
  13. saturated fats linked to heart disease
  14. Phospholipids

a.found in every living cell membrane

  1. Steroids
  2. used for hormone production
  3. used for animal cell structure
  4. Ex. Cholesterol

IV. Proteins

  1. Elements: C, H, O, N
  2. Monomer: amino acids, only 20 different amino acids combine in different numbers, patterns, & arrangement
  3. Function: support, structure, protection, movement, metabolism
  4. Where found in body: muscles, hair, skin, enzymes
  5. Food Source: meats, peanuts, eggs
  6. Examples:
  7. Enzymes
  8. biological catalysts that trigger chemical reactions
  9. lower the activation energy of a reaction
  10. could not maintain homeostasis without them
  11. Only affective in a narrow temperature and pH range

V. Nucleic Acids

A. Elements: C, H, O, N, P

B. Monomer: nucleotide

C. Function: genetic instructions & usable energy

D. Where found in body: nucleus of cells

E. Food Source: none

F. Examples:

1. DNA-Deoxyribonucleic acid

a. contains the genetic instructions for the cell

2. RNA-Ribonucleic acid

a. carries out the instructions in DNA

3. ATP-Adenosine triphosphate

a.provides useable energy for the cell

Color CodeC-GreenH= BlueO=Pink

Use the diagram of glucose to tell how many carbons, hydrogens, and oxygens are in a single molecule

#C ______# H ______# O ______

Color Code: C-Green H= BlueO=PinkN= Yellow

C-GreenH= BlueO=Pink

How many: ______C______H______O

Glycerol:

Saturated fatty Acid

Unsaturated Fatty Acid - Double Bond

Nucleotide: Color and label the part of the nucleotide-

Sugar (5-sided)- green

Phosphate group (round)- yellow

Nitrogen base (6-sided)- blue

ATP: Color and label the ATP

Sugar (5-sided)- green

Phosphate group (round)- yellow

Nitrogen base (6-sided)- blue

Biomolecule Super-Review

Fill in the appropriate letter from each picture or, if prompted, word: (3 pts per blank)

Word bank for the graphic organizer on the back:

20

Amino Acids

Base

Carbohydrates

Cell wall

CHO

CHON

CHONP

DNA and RNA

Enzymes

Fats and oils

Fatty acids

Glycerol

Information

Lipids

Long-term

Membranes

Monomers

Monosaccharides

Nucleic Acids

Nucleotides

Phosphate

Polymers

Polypeptides

Polysaccharides

Proteins

Short-term

Sugar (x2)

Triglycerides