Supplemental Materials
Intergenerational Transmission of Self-Regulation: A Multidisciplinary Review and Integrative Conceptual Framework
by D. J. Bridgett et al., 2015, Psychological Bulletin
http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/a0038662
Table S4
Studies Reporting Associations between Self-Regulation and Broader Rearing Contexts, Including Home Chaos, Socioeconomic Status, Cumulative Risk and Individual Indicators of Cumulative Risk1
First Author / Caregiver Self-RegulationConstruct / Top-Down or Bottom-Up / Broader Rearing Context Construct / General Methodology / Key Findings / Support for Model (Yes, Some, No)
1. Martini, 2004 / Maternal Self-Reported Suppression of Hostile Emotions (Anger) in Response to Hypothetical Situations of Child Anger, Sadness, and Fear; Maternal Suppression of Non-Hostile Emotions (Anxiety, Sadness) in Response to Hypothetical Situations of Child Anger, Sadness, and Fear / Top-Down Emotional Regulation / Family Income / Mothers; Cross-Sectional; Maternal Report Only; N = 94; Mixed Risk Canadian Sample / Middle Income Mothers More Likely than Low Income Mothers to Control Hostile Emotions in Response to Child Sadness and Fear, but not Anger / Some
2. Valiente, 2007 / Maternal and Paternal Self-Reported Effortful Control, Created by Averaging Attention Shifting, Activation Control, and Inhibition Control Subscales of Adult Temperament Questionnaire (Derryberry & Rothbart, 1988) / Top-Down Behavioral Regulation / Maternal or Paternal Reported Home Chaos / Mothers (87%) and Fathers Participated; Cross-Sectional; Parental Report Only; N = 188; Mixed Risk Majority Hispanic Sample / Better Parent Effortful Control Related to Lower Home Chaos / Yes
3. Verhoeven, 2007 / Maternal and Paternal Self-Reported Self-Control (Grasmick et al., 1993) / Top-Down Behavioral Regulation, Emotional Regulation, and Bottom-Up Impulsivity / Family Size, SES / Mothers and Fathers; Single Time Point Assessed; Parental Report Only; N = 111; Mixed Risk Sample of Families with Sons in the Netherlands / Better Maternal and Paternal Self-Control Non-Significantly Related to Higher SES and Smaller Family Size / No+
4. Creed, 2009 / Adult Self-Reported Self-Regulation, Including Motivation Control (Wanberg et al., 1999) and Emotion Control (Porath & Bateman, 2006) / Top-Down Behavioral and Emotional Regulation / Self-Reported Job Seeking Intensity, Length of Unemployment, Number of Job Interviews, Number of Job Offers, and Employment Status at Follow-Up / Male and Female Unemployed Adults; Longitudinal; Self-Report Only; N = 277; Australian Sample / Motivation Control (MC) and Emotion Control (EC) Predicted Job Seeking Intensity. MC not Significantly Related to Unemployment Length, Number of Job Interviews, Number of Job Offers, or Employment at Follow-Up. EC Significantly Positively Correlated with Employment at Follow-Up, but Not with Length of Unemployment, Job Interviews, or Offers / Some+
5. Boutwell, 2010 / Maternal and Paternal Impulsivity, Assessed with an Abbreviated Version of Dickman’s Impulsivity Scale (1990) / Bottom-Up Impulsivity / Maternal and Paternal Education / Mothers and Fathers Participated; Cross-Sectional; Maternal and Paternal Report; N = Approx. 5,000 as Reported by Authors; Mixed Risk Nationally Representative Sample / Poor Maternal and Paternal Self-Control Related to Lower Concurrently Reported Educational Achievement / Yes
6. Côté , 2010 / Objective Ratings of Younger and Older Adult Emotion Regulation, Coded Using a Modified Version of the Emotional Expressive Behavior System (Gross & Levenson, 1993) / Top-Down Emotional Regulation / Self-Reported Disposable Income and Socioeconomic Status / Male and Female Adults Participated; Cross-Sectional; Mixed Methods; N = 24 Younger Adults and N = 23 Older Adults (Only Older Adults Included in Income and SES Analyses); Primarily Caucasian Sample / In Older Adults, Ability to Up-Regulate Emotional Expression Related to Higher Disposable Income and SES / Yes
7. Moffitt, 2011 / Self, Parent, Teacher, and Objectively Rated Childhood Self-Control, Including Observational Ratings of Children’s Lack of Control, Parent and Teacher Reports of Impulsive Aggression, and Parent, Teacher, and Self-Reports of Hyperactivity, Lack of Persistence, Inattention, and Impulsivity / Bottom-Up Impulsivity / Adult SES, Income, Single Parent Status, Self-Reported Financial Planfulness and Self and Informant-Rated Financial Struggles / Males and Females Participated; Longitudinal; Mixed Methods; N = 1,037; Primarily Caucasian New Zealand Birth Cohort / Lower Childhood Self-Control Predicted Lower Adult SES and Income, Higher Likelihood of Single Parent Status, Lower Financial Planfulness and Greater Financial Struggles, After Controlling for Social Class of Origin and IQ / Yes
8. Deater-Deckard, 2012 / Maternal Executive Function (Attention Shifting, Inhibition, and Working Memory) Measured with a Backward Digit Span Task and Computerized Versions of the Stroop Color-Word Task (Stroop, 1935), Wisconsin Card Sorting Task (Heaton & PAR Staff, 2003) and Tower of Hanoi (Davis & Keller, 1998) / Top-Down Behavioral Regulation / Maternal Reported Home Chaos and SES / Mothers Participated; Cross-Sectional; Mixed Methods; N = 147; Mixed Risk Rural & Urban Sample / Higher Maternal Executive Function Associated with Higher Family SES; Lower Maternal Executive Functioning Associated with Higher Home Chaos in Families with High Socioeconomic Risk / Yes
9. Samuelson, 2012 / Maternal Self-Reported Emotion Regulation Using the Negative Mood Regulation Scale (Cantanzaro & Mearns, 1990) / Top-Down Emotional Regulation / Maternal Education and Income / Mothers Participated; Cross-Sectional; Maternal Report Only; N = 47; High Risk IPV Experiencing Sample / Maternal Emotion Regulation Positively but Not Significantly Correlated with Maternal Education and Income / No+
10. Bridgett, 2013 / Maternal Working Memory, Assessed with the Letter-Number Sequencing Task from the WAIS-IV (Wechsler, 2008) and Verbal Fluency Test from the D-KEFS (Delis et al., 2001), Self-Reported Effortful Control (Adult Temperament Questionnaire; Evans & Rothbart, 2007) and Self-Reported Executive Function (Behavior Rating Inventory of Executive Function; Roth et al., 2005) / Top-Down Behavioral Regulation / Maternal Reported Home Chaos and Cumulative Risk, (Maternal Education less than High School, Teen Motherhood, Single Parent Status, Household Income at or below Poverty Line, Current or Past Major Depressive Episode(s)) / Mothers of Infants; Longitudinal; Mixed Methods; N = 84; Mixed Risk Rural Sample / Better Maternal Self-Regulation Significantly Related to Lower Home Chaos and Cumulative Risk / Yes
11. Fergusson, 2013 / Parent, Teacher, and Self-Reported Self-Control during Childhood, Including Parent and Teacher Reported Impulsive Aggression, Hyperactivity, Lack of Persistence, Impulsivity, and Self-Reported Hyperactivity, Inattention, and Impulsivity / Bottom-Up Impulsivity / Public Record and Self-Reported Education/ Employment and Income. / Males and Females Participated; Longitudinal; Parent, Teacher and Self-Report; N = 1265; Urban Sample from Christchurch Health and Development Study in New Zealand / Higher Childhood Self-Control Associated with Higher Educational Attainment and Income by Age 30 and Lower Risk for Welfare Dependence in Adulthood (Ages 21-30) / Yes
12. McClelland, 2013 / Parent Reported Attention Span-Persistence at Age 4, Using the Attention Span-Persistence Subscale of the Colorado Child Temperament Inventory (Rowe & Plomin, 1977) / Top-Down Behavioral Regulation / Self-Reported Educational Outcomes at Age 25 / Males and Females Participated; Longitudinal; Parent Report; N = 430, Primarily Caucasian Adopted and Non-Adopted Children / Attention Span-Persistence at Age 4 Associated with Higher Likelihood of College Completion by Age 25 / Yes
13. Cheung, 2014 / Husband and Wife Self-Reported Self-Control (Grasmick et al., 1993) / Top-Down Behavioral Regulation, Emotional Regulation, and Bottom-Up Impulsivity / Husband’s Personal Monthly Income and Highest Level of Education / Males and Females Participated; Cross-Sectional; Self-Report Only; N = 871; Sample of Married Couples Living in Hong Kong / Husbands’ Greater Self Control Associated with Higher Educational Attainment and Personal Monthly Income / Yes
14. Converse, 2014 / Maternal Report of Self-Control during Childhood, with Items Assessing Attention (e.g., He/She has Difficulty Concentrating, Cannot Pay Attention for Long) and Impulsivity (e.g., He/She is Impulsive or Acts without Thinking) (Behavior Problems Index; Zill, 1990) / Bottom-Up Impulsivity / Parent and Self-Reported Positive and Negative Adolescent Behaviors; Adult (Mean Age 25) Educational Attainment and Income / Mothers and Children Participated; Longitudinal; Mother and Child Report; N = 4932; National Longitudinal Survey of Youth, 1979 Sample; 56% Black or Hispanic / Childhood Poor Self-Control Predicted Adolescent Negative Behavior; Adolescent Negative Behavior Predicted Less Educational Attainment by Mean Age of 25; Lower Educational Attainment Predicted Lower Income by Mean Age of 25 / Yes
15. Nedelec, 2014 / Self-Control Reported by Primary Caregivers and Self-Reported by Adolescent / Top-Down Behavioral Regulation and Bottom-Up Impulsivity / Self-Reported Economic Status and Wealth, Educational Attainment, and Employment/ Unemployment Factors in Adulthood (Participants Aged 24-34 Years) / Parents and Adolescents Participated; Longitudinal; Parent and Self-Report; N = 1,132; Utilized ADD Health Study, a Nationally Representative American Sample / Poor Self-Control was Related to Lower Adult Household and Personal Income, Fewer Household Assets, Less Educational Attainment, and Lower Job Satisfaction. Poor Self-Control was Positively Associated with Number of Recent Jobs and Number of Times Fired / Yes
16. Véronneau, 2014 / Parent, Teacher, and Self-Reported Effortful Control during Adolescence, Using the Effortful Control Scale from the Short Form of the Early Adolescent Temperament Questionnaire—Revised (Ellis & Rothbart, 2005) / Top-Down Behavioral Regulation / Self-Reported Academic Persistence and Educational Attainment (Participants Aged 23-25) / Mothers, Fathers and Children Participated; Longitudinal; Parental, Teacher, and Self-Report; N = 997, Diverse Urban Sample / Adolescent Effortful Control Predicted Educational Attainment in Early Adulthood / Yes
17. Zalewski, 2014 / Maternal Self-Reported Affective/Behavioral Dysregulation, Assessed with the International Personality Disorders Examination (Loranger et al., 1994), Affective/ Behavioral Dysregulation Factor (Trull et al., 2010) / Top-Down Emotional and Behavioral Regulation / Maternal Self-Reported Education / Mothers Participated; Cross-Sectional; Maternal Self-Report; N = 1,598; High-Risk Urban Community Sample / Maternal Dysregulation Negatively Correlated with Maternal Education / Yes
1. When a cumulative risk index was not reported, indicators, such as parent education, among others, frequently used in cumulative risk indices are reported.
+ Studies reported an effect that was not statistically significant, but was in the anticipated direction with a minimum effect size of .10.