Information Communications University

INFORMATION COMMUNICATIONS UNIVERSITY

School of Humanities

Student Name: Izukanji Siame

Sin:1402278497

Program of study:Bachelor’s Education in Arts and Business –Commerce & Accounts

Course name: Planning, Monitoring and Evaluation 1

Date of submission: 15th May. 2016

Assignment 1

a) Assess the achievements of the MDGs in Zambia with the aid of practical examples. Give a full evaluation account on the achievements of the MGDs in Zambia. Give your opinion of the findings

INTRODUCTION

THE MILLENNIUM DEVELOPMENT GOALS (MDGs)

The Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) are goals which were set fostering at developing the United Nations member states or countries who agreed to their (UN) declarations with the eight developmental objectives or goals. The Millennium Development Goals and targets come from the Millennium Declaration signed by 189 countries, including 147 Heads of State, in September 2000 ( - A/RES/55/2)

INTER-RELATIONS OF GOALS AND TARGETS

These goals and targets were made in such a manner that they are inter-related and where to be seen as a whole (one complete). They represented a partnership between the developed countries and the developing countries determined or resolute, as the Declaration states, “to create an environment at the national and global levels alike, which was conducive to development and the elimination of poverty.” The goals and targets where meant to provide for monitoring third or developing countries poverty trends, and indicators based on national poverty lines were used, where available.

MDGs STATEMENT

i) To eradicate extreme poverty and hunger

ii) To achieve universal primary education

iii) To promote gender equality and empower women

iv) To reduce child mortality

v) To improve maternal health

vi) To combat HIV/AIDS, malaria, and other diseases

vii) To ensure environmental sustainability

viii) To develop a global partnership for development

The Millennium Development Goals were a United Nations initiative. Each goal had specific targets, and dates for achieving those targets. Wanting to accelerate or speed-up for progress, the G8 finance ministers agreed in June 2005 to provide enough funds to the World Bank, the International Monetary Fund (IMF) and the African Development Bank (AfDB) to cancel $40 to $55 billion in debt owed by members of the Heavily Indebted Poor Countries (HIPC) to allow them to redirect resources to programs for improving health and education and for alleviating poverty. A UN conference in September 2010 reviewed progress to date and adopted a global plan to achieve the eight goals by their target date. New commitments targeted women's and children's health, and new initiatives in the worldwide battle against poverty, hunger and disease. Below are the goals and their respective targets against which the government of Zambia was scheduled to achieve:

GOALS AND TARGETS

GOAL 1: ERADICATE EXTREME POVERTY AND HUNGER

- Target 1A: Halve, between 1990 and 2015, the proportion of people living on less than $1.25 a day.

- Target 1B: Achieve Decent Employment for Women, Men, and Young People, GDP Growth per Employed Person, Employment Rate.

- Target 1C: Halve, between 1990 and 2015, the proportion of people who suffer from hunger.

GOAL 2: ACHIEVE UNIVERSAL PRIMARY EDUCATION

- Target 2A: By 2015, all children can complete a full course of primary schooling, girls and boys Enrollment in primary education, Completion of primary education or schooling.

GOAL 3: PROMOTE GENDER EQUALITY AND EMPOWER WOMEN

- Target 3A: Eliminate gender disparity in primary and secondary education preferably by 2005, and at all levels by 2015.

GOAL 4: REDUCE CHILD MORTALITY RATES

- Target 4A: Reduce by two-thirds, between 1990 and 2015, the under-five mortality rate.

GOAL 5: IMPROVE MATERNAL HEALTH

- Target 5A: Reduce by three quarters, between 1990 and 2015, the maternal mortality ratio.

- Target 5B: Achieve, by 2015, universal access to reproductive health, Contraceptive prevalence rate, Adolescent birth rate, Antenatal care coverage, Unmet need for family planning.

GOAL 6: COMBAT HIV/AIDS, MALARIA, AND OTHER DISEASES

- Target 6A: Have halted by 2015 and begun to reverse the spread of HIV/AIDS.

- Target 6B: Achieve, by 2010, universal access to treatment for HIV/AIDS for all those who need it.

- Target 6C: Have halted by 2015 and begun to reverse the incidence of malaria and other major diseases.

GOAL 7: ENSURE ENVIRONMENTAL SUSTAINABILITY

- Target 7A: Integrate the principles of sustainable development into country policies and programs; reverse loss of environmental resources.

- Target 7B: Reduce biodiversity loss, achieving, by 2010, a significant reduction in the rate of loss Proportion of land area covered by forest.

- Target 7C: Halve, by 2015, the proportion of the population without sustainable access to safe drinking water and basic sanitation.

- Target 7D: By 2020, to have achieved a significant improvement in the lives of at least 100 million slum-dwellers.

GOAL 8: DEVELOP A GLOBAL PARTNERSHIP FOR DEVELOPMENT

- Target 8A: Develop further an open, rule-based, predictable, non-discriminatory trading and financial system.

- Includes a commitment to good governance, development, and poverty reduction for both nationally and internationally.

- Target 8B: Address the Special Needs of the Least Developed Countries (LDCs) Includes: tariff and quota free access for LDC exports; enhanced programme of debt relief for HIPC and cancellation of official bilateral debt; and more generous ODA (Official Development Assistance) for countries committed to poverty reduction.

- Target 8C: Address the special needs of landlocked developing countries and small Island developing States (through the Programme of Action for the Sustainable Development of Small Island Developing States and the outcome of the twenty-second special session of the General Assembly).

- Target 8D: Deal comprehensively with the debt problems of developing countries through national and international measures in order to make debt sustainable in the long term.

- Target 8E: In co-operation with pharmaceutical companies, provide access to affordable, essential drugs in developing countries.

- Target 8F: In co-operation with the private sector, make available the benefits of new technologies, especially information and communications.

Alluding to the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) above and taking into consideration the Vision 2030, the Sixth National Development Plan 2011-2015 and Medium Term Expenditure Frameworks.

ACHIEVEMENTS OF THE MDGs IN ZAMBIA

In still wanting to know the achievements attained by the government of the republic of Zambia on the MDGs, I further looked into the United Nations Development Programmes (UNDP) report for Zambia and this is what is said to have been attained by 2015.

Zambia achieved two of the MDGs, one of which is on “universal Primary Education” and “reduction of Diseases”. UN Country Coordinator Janet Rogan, said “United Nations (UN) through the government of Zambia has so far achieved two Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) out of the eight. Ms Rogan said in an interview that Zambia has managed to achieve MDGs number two achieving universal primary education and number six, which is on reduction of HIV/AIDS, malaria and other diseases. “Zambia has achieved MDG two on universal primary education with net primary enrolment increasing significantly from 80 percent in 1990 to 103 percent in 2013. “HIV prevalence has dropped to 14.3 percent against the set target of 15.6 percent by 2015,” Ms Rogan further said learners reaching grade seven have increased in the country from 64 percent to 90 percent and literacy rates between the ages of 15 and 24 years have progressively increased from 75 percent to 89 percent. Ms Rogan, however, said as primary school children progress to secondary school the challenges faced include high drop-out rates among girls, overcrowded classrooms and lack of text books and learning materials among others. Ms Rogan said though Zambia has recorded some progress on MDG number one on poverty reduction, the reduction rate is slow adding that extreme poverty reduced from 58 percent in 1990 to 42.3 percent against a 2015 target of 29 percent. She said on goal number three, the country is on track to achieve gender parity in primary education. Ratio of girls to boys at primary education has increased from 0.90 percent in 1990 to 0.99 percent in 2010. Ms Rogan said although there is a reduction of 30 percent on child mortality, the country’s current reduction of child mortality is insufficient to meet the MDG target. She said maternal mortality rate and ratio remain very high and the country needs a strong investment plan to achieve the MDG target.

Finally, the above is an outline or indication on the progression of the millennium development goals by 2015.

Employment plays a major role in the development of the nation, but unemployment creates more of a problem to the citizenry of that nation, in that unemployment breeds out food shortages, divorces, low levels of literacy at household level as well at national level. A food shortage breeds out hunger, prostitution, theft, low literacy levels, unplanned settlements, and early child marriages.etc. All these in mind and taking into consideration the targets of the MDGs it proves all by itself that until we address the small issues listed above that we can’t meet the targets for the MDGs. Taking into account a country like Zambia with high illiteracy levels, it will be difficult for it to address the hunger, health issues, household income, and as such the whole country gets on fire. We therefore need to start addressing the small issues one after the other in order for us to reach the intended targets of the MDGs.

CONCLUSION

For monitoring country poverty trends, indicators based on national poverty lines should be used, where available. In order to help focus analysis and assessment of progress at the country level, the Millennium indicators and background data series are also organized and presented by country in Millennium country profiles. It is said that the MDGs where meant to foster at developing the United Nations member states or countries who agreed to their (UN) declarations with the eight developmental objectives or goals. Zambia being a member state of the UN declaration has so far achieved two of the MDGs, one of which is on “universal Primary Education” and “reduction of Diseases”. UN Country Coordinator Janet Rogan, said “United Nations (UN) through the government of Zambia has so far achieved two Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) out of the eight.

b) Group question

Identify any problem as a group and design a complete Monitoring and evaluation plan.

A Monitoring and Evaluation (M&E) Plan is a guide as to what you should evaluate, what information you need, and who you are evaluating for.

The plan outlines the key evaluation questions and the detailed monitoring questions that help answer the evaluation questions. This allows you to identify the information you need to collect, and how you can collect it. Depending on the detail of the M&E plan, you can identify the people responsible for different tasks, as well as timelines. The plan should be able to be picked up by anyone involved in the project at anytime and be clear as to what is happening in terms of monitoring and evaluation.

It is also important to remember that there are many types of evaluation.

An evaluation plan should ideally be done at the planning stage of a project, before you commence implementation. This will allow you to plan ahead of time and data collection activities that you may need to undertake, such as pre-intervention surveys. However, it is never too late to develop an M&E plan. Retro-fitting an M&E plan to an existing project may just mean that you may be constrained in some of the data that you can collect.

How to design a monitoring and evaluation plan?

Steps

1. Step 1: Identify Program Goals and Objectives
2. Step 2: Define Indicators
3. Step 3: Define Data Collection Methods and Timeline
4. Step 4: Identify M&E Roles and Responsibilities
5. Step 5: Create an Analysis Plan and Reporting Templates
6. Step 6: Plan for Dissemination and Donor Reporting

Identified Problem - Communication Channels and Tools

Evaluation / Monitoring
Broad Evaluation Questions / Monitoring Question / Indicator / Data Source/Method / Responsibility / Timeframe
To what extent did the pilot project clearly communicate the types of materials that can be recycled?
Do people recall hearing or seeing communications about what items can be recycled? / Yes/No
Where, what (what message, what item of collateral) / Survey / Evaluation team / Post-program
What communication channels (advertisements, APP, collateral) have people found useful in communicating items that can be recycled? / List of communication channels & collateral / Survey
Has knowledge of what items can be recycled improved, particularly with regards to items that people had trouble with in the intercept survey? / Knowledge test- items that can and cannot be recycled / Survey
What items do people still have trouble understanding if they can be recycled? / Knowledge test- items that can and cannot be recycled / Survey
What specific actions to assist in maintaining a clean recycling loads do people recall? / Knowledge test- scrape clean, no liquids etc in containers / Survey
To what extent did the pilot project promote the benefits of recycling and the products that kerbside recycling is manufactured into?
What communications tools were used to promote the benefits of recycling and resulting recycled products? / Tools
# published editorials / news stories with these messages
# media release issued
Website traffic to related pages / Review of communications
Media monitor summary
Google Analytics / Evaluators
Organisation responsible for Media & public relations
Did people visit the campaign website? / Self-report / Survey
Did people view the recycling video? / Self-report / Survey
What benefits of recycling to people recall? / List of messages in campaign
(include list of ‘dummy’ messages / Survey
What products manufactured from recycling do people recall? / List of messages in campaign
(include list of ‘dummy’ messages / Survey
Has people’s confidence in the recycling process increased? / Yes/No/No change scale
Ideally would have baseline data for this and many other of the indicators. Ideally, run a baseline survey before the campaign begins. / Survey
To what extent did the pilot project drive traffic to XXXXXXXX websites and promote use of the program tools?
Has website traffic increased to the campaign website and relevant partner website pages during the campaign period? / Unique visitors and visitors to specific pages referred to by the campaign communications tools / Google Analytics / Evaluators
Partners
What were the main sources of referral for website traffic to the relevant website pages / Web page Referrals / Source / Google Analytics / Evaluators
Partners
Did residents report visiting the campaign website? If so, what drove them to access the site? / Visited website
Reason for visiting website / Survey
Focus group / Evaluators
Which communication channels were most successful in driving behaviour change?
What communication channels (advertisements, APP, collateral) do people recall seeing? / List of communication channels & collateral / Survey
Which messages about recycling do people recall? / LIST CAMPAIGN MESSAGES / Survey
Did the messages lead people to think about their recycling behaviour? / Self report / Survey
Focus group
Did people play the APP? If so, which component? / Who, demographics, # times played
Play game, use A-Z guide, Tips, link to website (rate usefulness of each) / Survey & APP data
How many times was the APP downloaded? / # downloads and other information available from APP store / APP store
Which item of collateral (stickers, fridge magnet) were most successful in facilitating the adopting of the desired kerbside recycling behaviours?
Do residents recall receiving the collateral? / Recall receiving collateral / Survey
Focus group / Evaluators
Did residents read or look at the collateral? / Saw / read collateral / Survey
Focus group / Evaluators
Did residents use / display the collateral (stick the sticker/fridge magnet)? / Collateral used / displayed / Survey
Focus group / Evaluators
If collateral not used/displayed: why not? / List of reasons plus open answer / Survey
Did residents refer back to the collateral? / Frequency of use / referral / Survey
Focus group / Evaluators
Did residents believe the collateral contained useful information that helped them recycle more / better? / Usefulness of collateral
Collateral provided new information / reinforced existing knowledge
Collateral motivated new positive recycling behaviour / reinforced existing good recycling behaviours / Survey
Focus group / Evaluators
Were there increased self-reported recycling behaviours as a result of seeing / using the collateral? / Recycling behaviours / Survey / Evaluators
How effective were the key communications messages in driving behaviour change?
Do residents exposed to the collateral / advertising / PR / website / APP recall the key campaign messages? / Message recall / Survey
Focus group
What did exposure to the collateral / advertising / PR / website / APP motivate or encourage people to do? / Change noted - Changes in behaviour / motivation. / Survey
Focus group
To what extent did the pilot project provide positive feedback to the community on their recycling efforts?
What volume of positive feedback communications messages were issued and picked up by media or put into the public domain (via website / other)? / # media releases with positive feedback message
# editorials published
# stories generated
(localised, current data?) / Media monitoring / Media / comms organisatin
Do residents recall seeing / hearing stories in the media about recycling? / Message recall (not specific message, just overall positive / negative)
Story recall
Source / Survey
Focus group / Evaluators
To what extent do people recall the key messages/brand?
Do residents exposed to the collateral / advertising / PR / website / APP recall the key campaign messages? / Message recall / Survey
Focus group
What was the reach of the communications?
How many residents report being exposed to the campaign (mass media / collateral)? / # exposed (% per population/households?
Component exposed to (Advertising, PR (editorial & news story), newsletter, website, APP, collateral) / Survey
Focus group
What was the estimated reach of the campaign? / newspaper readership (for papers where advertising was placed / or editorial / stories were covered
radio ratings
actual website traffic for campaign website
APP downloads
# collateral distributed (adjusted to account for survey results of % who saw / used) / Newspapers
Radio station
Google analytics
iPhone APP store & Android market place
Project manager interview / Media org or direct from Newspapers
Evaluators
What is the self-reported change in reduction of recyclables in the waste bin?
What is the level of self reported behaviour change for participants exposed to a component of the campaign? / Change in behaviour (Accuracy / knowledge: recycling more items, few items, same items. Motivation / commitment - Recycling more often, less often, same)
INSERT QUESTIONS AROUND WASTE AND RECYCLING BIN AUDITS IF THEY ARE BEING PERFORMED. / kg of waste
kg of recyclables
kg / volume of contamination in recycling bin
kg / volume of unrecovered resources in waste bin
Main items of contamination
Main items not recovered / Bin audit data
What % of volume changes are you targeting? / Baseline & Post-campaign data.

Conclusion