LECTURE NOTES
BAHASA INGGRIS 1
FAKULTAS ILMU KOMPUTER
UNIVERSITAS GUNADARMA
2004

BAHASA INGGRIS 1 (FOR COMPUTER SCIENCE)

Buku Acuan : 1. Ian Simpson and Derek Utley, English for Telecoms, York: York

Associates Publications, 1995.

2. Betty S. Azhar, Understanding and Using English Grammar, New

Jersey: Prentice Hall, 2000.

PERTEMUAN 1

A. TEXT

Unit 1

THE ROAD TO DEREGULATION

The period since the early 1980s has been the most momentous in the history of telecommunications. A series of major technological advances such as optical fibers, Integrated Services, Digital Network, (ISDN), Asynchronous Transfer Mode, (ATM), and Asymmetrical Digital Subscriber Loop, (ADSL) has led to spectacular achievements in products and services. In addition, legislation has helped to create anenvironment of liberalisation and deregulation which is shaping the markets of the future. In some respects, regulatory issues have assumed more importance than the purely technological questions in telecommunications. As a senior manager from PTT-Nederland admits:

“When I came here, people were convinced that we sold technology, but to me, that's just nonsense. No-one is interested in opening up a telephone set to look at the circuit boards and admire their quality. What people want is reliable, quick and imaginative service. At the end of the day, it's just like McDonald's. They don't just sell hamburgers, they sell services as well.”

1984 was a pivotal year for world telecommunications. In the USA, AT&T's monopoly was broken up with the creation of the seven Regional Bell Operating Companies (RBOC's), while the same year saw the privatisation of British Telecom in the UK. Most of Europe's state telecommunications companies are likely to he privatised before the year 2000. This pressure to privatise stems from the fact that many state telecommunication networks are currently under-resourced, that many state budgets are overburdened and that national and international telecommunications markets are being liberalised, thus undermining the position of state monopoly Public Telephone Operators. (PTO's)

The balance of pressure varies between countries but no country is immune, and with the European Union (EU) now resolved to liberalise national markets for voice telecommunications from January 1999, 1999, the pressure can only increase (Spain, Ireland. Greece and Portugal will not "join the voice liberalisation club)" until 2003.) Competition is imminent in every European country, but the regulatory structure in each nation wiII influence the speed with which it advances and the strength of rival operators.

Liberalisation is shaking up the way that operators conduct their business and is bringing about a "culture change" within companies. The philosophy of "being a civil servant and having a job for life" is rapidly disappearing. Personal performance-related criteria and individualised objectives are influencing the lives, of executives and employees oI' previously state-dominated PTTs, where results often counted for very little.

"Down-sizing," "Right-sizing," "Rationalisation" and "Outsourcing" have become the buzz-words associated with liberalisation and competition. and in many countries Trade Unions interpret these expressions as the desire of the bosses to get rid of as many employees as possible in the quest to make their businesses more profitable, possibly at the risk of creating the "haves" and the "have-nots."

B.GLOSSARY

- momentous : penting

- shaping : membentuk

- reliable: dapat dipercaya

- service: jasa

- overburdened : membebani

- thus: dengan demikian

- undermining: mencari, menggali

- immune: kebal

- civil servant: pegawai negeri

- down-sizing: perampingan

- outsourcing: penggunaan sumberdaya dari luar

- rationalization: penyesuaian

- buzz-words: kata-kata yang sering didengungkan

C. READING COMPREHENSION

Identify

  1. two reasons for the global changes in telecoms since the 80s.
  2. 6 concrete results of these changes.
  3. what telecoms have in common with McDonalds.
  4. the two major telecom events of 1994.
  5. what may have happened to most European telecom companies by 2000
  6. the three main sources of the move towards privatisation.
  7. what will happen to voice telephony in most EU countries on 1st January 1998.
  8. three results of the "culture change”within companies.
  9. the interpretation Trade Unions give to terms such as "Downsizing" and "Outsourcing”

C. LANGUAGE DEVELOPMENT (STRUCTURE)

1. Present Perfect and Simple Past

  1. Digunakan untuk menyatakan suatu peristiwa/perbuatan yang telah selesai terjadi/dilakukan pada waktu lampau (waktunya tidak tertentu) dan masih ada hubungannya dengan waktu kini.

Contoh :

  1. They have written a letter.
  2. Betty has taken my pencil.
  3. His father has bought a new car.
  1. Sering digunakan dengan For atau Since.

Since (= sejak)[3]menunjukkan arti “dari suatu saat tertentu pada waktu lampau hingga kini”

Misalnya :

Since January

Since I left school

Since the last ten years = sejak 10 tahun terakhir.

Since 1980, dan sebagainya.

For (= selama)menunjukkan arti “lamanya jangka waktu hingga kini, karena itu, for selalu diikuti sejumlah jangka waktu tertentu.

Minggu :

For a weekfor three days

For a long timefor six years

For five monthsdan sebagainya.

Contoh :

  1. I haven’t seen you since Monday.
  2. She hasn’t seen me for a week.
  3. Tuti has been here since 6 o’clock.
  4. I have lived in Yogyakarta since 1980.
  5. We have worked in the company for two years.
  1. Sering digunakan dengan adverb berikut ini .[4]

So faruntil now

up to nowup to the present

almostjust (now)

alreadystill

neverdan sebagainya

Contoh:

  1. Umar has almost finished the work.
  2. She has just gone away.
  3. Have you ever eaten apples?
  4. The money has finally arrived.
  5. We have finised five chapters so far.
  6. Up to now, we haven’t found the kinds of paint we need for the door.
  1. Sering digunakan dengan keterangan waktu berikut:

This-this week, this month, this year, this Saturday, dan sebagainya.

Contoh:

1.He has been quite ill this year.

2. They gone shopping this morning.

  1. Sering digunakan dengan keterangan berikut:

Recently = baru-baru ini

Lately= akhir-akhir ini

Not…yet= belum

Contoh:

  1. What have you read recently?
  2. She hasn’t finised the work yet.
  3. What has she done lately?
  4. He has recently come out of the hospital.

Apabila dalam sebuah kalimat predikatnya berupa selain kata kerja (verb), yang biasanya dissebut kalimat nominal, maka kita harus menambahkan auxiliary verb sebagai berikut:

She has been……I have been……

He has been…… You have been……

It has been……They hve been……

We have been ……

Contoh:

  1. Ihave been in this office since I Left school.
  2. He has never been here since the last ten years.
  3. She has been a teacher for 15 years.
  1. Present Perfect Continuous (Progressive) Tense
  1. Digunakan untuk menyatakan suatu perbuatan yang telah mulai dilakukan pada waktu lampau (waktunya tidak tertentu), dan sekarang masih akan dilakukan atau hanya untuk menyelesaikan.

Contoh:

  1. We have been listening to the radio for two hours.
  2. She has been learing English for 4 years.
  3. Maryam has been living in Solo since 1967.
  4. How llong have you been waiting for the bus.
  5. The professor has been lecturing for over an hour.

Keterangan:

  1. Kita telah mendengarkan radio selama 2 jam, dan sekarang hinggga nanti kita masih mendengarkan.

(Atau kita hanya akan mendengarkan sampai acara selesai).

  1. Maryam tinggal di Solo sejak tahun 1967,dan sekarang dia masih tinggal di Solo.
  1. Digunakan unutk menyatakan perbuatan yang diulang-ulang dalam Present Perfect Tense, biasanya selalu memakai a time phrase (keterangan waktu) seperti:

Since……

For……

Never……

Contoh:

  1. I have written six letters breakfast.

*** I have been writing letters since breakfast.

  1. she has knocked at the door for there minutes.

*** She has beeeeen knoking the door for three minutes.

Perhatikan

  1. I have written a letter for an hour.

(Saya telah menulis sebuah surat selama 1 jam; … dan sekarang telah selesai).

  1. I have been writing a letter for an hour.

(Sekarang masih sedang menulis sebuah surat).

  1. I have been reading your book.

(maksudnya: I haven’t finished it).

  1. I have read your book.

(artinya = I have finished it).

2. Past Tense

5 Past Indefinite Tense /Simple Past Tense

  1. Digunakan untuk menyatakan perbuatan / peristiwa yang dilakukan atau yang terjadi pada waktu masa lampau (waktunya tertentu).

Contoh:

  1. I met her two days a go.
  2. Mary played tennis last week.
  3. Ali went to Yogyakarta yesterday.
  1. Digunakan untuk menyatakan kebiasaan yang dilakukan pada waktu lampau.

Contoh:

  1. He always carried an umbrella.
  2. They never drank wine.
  3. We usually spoken English.
  4. Las year it rained Frequently in this area.
  5. When I was young, I went swimming every day.
  1. Digunkan untuk menyatakan suatu perbuatan yang jelas dilakukan pada waktu lampau (waktunya tertentu) tetapi tidak disebutkan keterangan waktunya.

Contoh:

1. I bought this car in jakarta .

(Mobil ini jelas dibeli pada waktu yang lampau di Jakarta pada waktu tertentu).

2.When did you see me ?

(berarti you telah melihat saya, ……kapan?)

3.The train was ten minute late.

Keterangan waktu yang biasa dipakai antara lain:

Yesterday = kemarinthe other day= dulu

Last……= ……yang laluin 1982= pada tahun 1982

Last week= minggu yang lalu

Last year= tahun yang laludan sebagainya.

……ago= ……yang lalu

2days ago= 2 hari yang lalu

Di dalam Simple Tense, bentuk interrogative (kalimat Tanya) dan kalimat negative (menyangkal), selalu menggunakan kata kerja bantu (auxiliary verb) DID untuk semua jenis subyek, apabila predikatnya kata kerja. (Lihat kembali Bab I, halaman 3).

Contoh:

  1. Did you play tennis yesterday?
  2. We did not study last night.
  3. Did the dog bark this morning?

Dengan memperhatikan contoh-contoh tersebut dapat kita ketahui bahwa dalam kalimat negative (menyangkal) dan kalimat tanya, kata kerja (predikat) dalam kalimat Simple Tense selalu kembali pada bentuk I (Simple Present).

Apabila predikatnya berupa selain kata kerja, sehingga boleh jadi noun seperti: teacher, postman, doctor, house, building, dan sebagainya ; atau adjective, seperti: busy, lazy, happy, tired, dan sebagainya; atau dapat juga berupa adverbn (kata keterangan), seperti: here, there, at home, at the station dan sebagainya, yang dalm bahasa Indonesia dinamakan kalimat nominal, maka kita harus menggunakan kata kerja bantu (auxiliary), To Be yaitu Was atau Were.

Contoh:

  1. Was john tired yesterday?
  2. We were very busy last night.
  3. Ali was here this afternoon.

Catatan:

Untuk membentuk verb I menjadi bentuk II, perlu diperhatikan aturan-aturan sebagai berikut:

  1. Kata kerja beraturan (reguler verb) akhirnya ditambah dengan ed.

Miasalnya :to work…….Worked

To play…….Played

To happen …….Happened

To finish……. Finised dan sebagainya.

  1. Verb yang berakhiran dengan Y dan sebelumnya konsonan (huruf mati), diubah dulu dari Y menjadi I kemudian ditambah ed.

Misalnya:to carry……carried

To cry ……cried

To apply ……applied dan sebagainya.

  1. Verb yang berakhiran dengan Y tetapi sebelumnya vokal, tidak ada perubahan, dan langsung ditambah dengan ed.

Misalnya:to obey ……obeyed

To play……played

  1. Verb satu suku kata dan hanya berakhiran dengan sebuah konsonan, maka konsonan tersebut didobelkan dalam bentuk ing maupun dalam bentuk II dan ditambah ed.

Misalnya: to hit……hitting……hitted

To stop……stoping……stopped

To spel……speling……spelled.

  1. Past Continous / Progresive Tense

a. Digunakan untuk menyatakan perbuatan yang sedang terjadi / berlangsung

pada

waktu yang lampau ketika perbuatan lain terjadi.

Contoh:

  1. My mother was cooking when it began to rain.
  2. We were studying English while the bell rang.
  3. When the teacher came, the boys were playing chess.
  4. Betty was sleeping when I visited her.
  5. When I was crossing the street, I saw an accident.

C. Modal Verbs

  1. Linking (copulation) verbs[1]

Adalah kata kerja bantu yang befungsi untuk menghubungkan antara subyek dan predikat.

Adapun kata kerja bantu yang dapat berfungsi sebagai linking (copulative)verb yaitu:

To Be = (am, is, are, was, were, be, being, dan been).

Contoh:

  1. I am a student5. Pleasebe here tomorrow
  2. We are happy6. She is well
  3. She was here yesterday7. He has been here for 2 days
  4. I am sorry for being late

Keterangan:

Dalam kalimat tersebut di atas, misalnya nomor 1 dan 2, “am” dan “are” dipakai sebagai kata kerja biasa yang berfungsi sebagai linking verb (copulative), yaitu kata kerja penghubung antara subyek dan predikat. Demikian pula dengan to be yang lain dalam kalimat di atas. Dan To Be dipandang sebagai “auxiliary verb”bila untuk :

  1. Membentuk tense (dilihat bab tense).

Contoh:

1.I am studying English Now.

2.She is reading a newspaper.

3.He has been working here for 2 months.

  1. Membuat kalimat pasif (lihat bab kalimat pasif)

Contoh:

  1. The car is being repaired.
  2. She will be promoted soon.
  3. Ali was called by his teacher.

2.To do, does, did dan done

  1. Dapat berfungsi sebagai kata kerja biasa yang berarti mengerjakan.

Contoh:

  1. She didi her homework yesterday.
  2. I do my homework every day.

2.Sebagai kata kerja bantu dalam membentuk kalimat tanya, kalimat menyakangkal (negative), atau jawaban singkat.

Contoh:

  1. Did you go to school yesterday?
  2. Does he come here?
  3. Do you know about her? Yes, I do.
  4. They didn’t go to the party last night.
  5. Did you see my sister? No, I didn’t
  1. Have – has dan had
  1. Berfungsi sebagai kata kerja biasa yang berarti “mempunyai”.

Contoh :

  1. I have a new motorcyle.
  2. She has no money.
  3. He had a car last year.

2.Sebagai kata kerja bantu dalam membentuk Tense, misalnya present perfect tense, Past perfect tense, dan sebagainya.

Contoh:

  1. She has bought a new book.
  2. He had studies English.
  3. She has been working here for 2 years.
  4. I have sent a postcard to her.

Penggunaan Modal Auxiliary

Perhatian!

  1. Dalam sebuah kalimat tidak boleh ada dua buah modal auxiliary.
  2. Verb sesudah modal auxiliary selalu dalam bentuk asal (I).

4.1. CAN dipakai untuk menyataka:

  1. kesanggupan atau kemahiran seseorang.

Contoh:

1.She ca sing Beautifully.

2.I can speak English.

3.You can drive a car.

  1. Minta izin.

Contoh:

  1. Can I borrow your book?
  2. Can I come to your house?
  1. Kemungkinan.

Contoh:

  1. She can be at home at noon.
  2. He can be ill. (mungkin dia sakit).

2.COULD adalah bentuk past tense dari CAN dan bentuknya sama untuk semua subyek. Namun dalam penggunaannya tidak selamanya berarti past time (masa lalu).

COULD dipakai untuk menyatakan:

  1. Bentuk lampau dari Can.

Contoh:

  1. Mary could sing a song when she was young.
  2. She could not come here yesterday because she was ill.

2.Permintaan dengan sopan.

Contoh:

1.Could you help me now?

2.Could you take that book for me?

  1. Kemungkinan.

Contoh:

  1. She could be at home now, but she usually plays volleyball.
  2. He could be very busy at that time.

5.1. SHALL digunkan untuk menyatakan:

  1. Bearti “ akan” dalam bentuk future tense.

Contoh;

1.I Shall go to Londan tomorrow.

(Saya akan pergi ke London besok).

2.We shall buy a new motorclye next week.

Catatan :

Dalam British English, untuk subyek “I” dan “WE” dipakai “shall”,dan untuk selainya yaituYou, She, He, dan They digunakan “ Will”.

  1. Menawarkan bantuan.

Contoh:

  1. Shall I open the window?
  2. Shall I make coffee for you?
  1. Janji (perjanjian).

Contoh:

  1. You shall have a motorcycle.
  2. I shall meet her tomorrow.

2.SHOULD digunakan untuk menyatakan:

  1. Bentuk lampau dari shall.

Contoh:

  1. When he come to my house I should go
  2. I should visit to your house before you came to myt house.

2.Anjuran –sebaiknya.

Contoh:

  1. You are ill, you should go to the doctor soon.
  2. She is tired, she should take a rest.

3.Keharusan atau yang seharusnya dilakukan.[2]

Dalam hal ini SHOULD = Ought to.

Contoh:

  1. You should (or ought to) do your homework every day.
  2. He should (or ought to) study hard.
  3. She sould (or ought to) be here soon.

4.Dalam bentuk lampaunya (masa lampau), berarti menunjukan suatub kegiatan yang seharusnya dikerjakan tetapi kenyataannya tidak dikerjakan.

Contoh:

  1. You should (or ought to) have studied hard before take an exam.

Anda seharusnya belajar dengan keras sebelum mengikuti ujian.

(Dalam kenyataannya Anda tidak belajar dengan keras, tetapi tetap mengikuti ujian).

4. Tomi would rather stay at home. = Tomi would prefer to stay at home.

(Tomi lebih suka tinggal di rumah).

7.1. MAY adalah kata kerja bantu yang berarti “boleh/mungkin” yang digunakan untuk menyatakan :

1.Permohonan izin.

Contoh :

1. May I borrow your car ? Yes, you may.

(Bolehkah aku pinjam mobilmu ?)

2.May I go home now ? No, you may not.

(Bolehkah aku pulang sekarang ?)

3.She may be late.

(Mungkin dia terlambat)

2.Permohonan atau harapan.

Contoh :

1.May you both the happy.

(Mudah-mudahan anda berdua bahagia)

2.May God bless you.

(Mudah-mudahan Allah memberi rahmat kepada Anda).

2.MIGHT adalah bentuk lampau (past tense) dari MAY, namun pemakaiannya juga dapat untuk masa kini atau masa datang.

Contoh :

1.She might be late yesterday.

(Mungkin dia terlambat kemarin).

2.Please take an umbrella with you, It might rain.

(Bawalah payung, hari mungkin hujan).

3.I told him that he might go home.

(Saya beritahukan kepadanya bahwa ia boleh pulang)

4.You might try to be more careful.

8.MUST adalah kata kerja bantu yang berarti harus atau wajib, digunakan untuk menyatakan :