AP European History
Important Timeline and Landmarks by Century
16th Century: 1500’s
Task: Identify, Explain, and Discuss key political, social, economic, cultural, and intellectual trends of the 16th century
Date / Event1513 / Niccolo Machiavelli Writes The Prince
1517 / Martin Luther publishes his 95 Theses and the Protestant Reformation Begins
1520 / Hernando Cortez Conquers the Aztecs
1521 / Martin Luther appears at the Diet of Worms
1525 / The German Peasants Revolt in Luther’s Name and Luther Condemns the Peasants as Murdering Hordes
1529-1533 / King Henry VIII Establishes the Protestant English Faith
1536 / John Calvin publishes his views on Predestination in Institutes of Christian Religion
1543 / Nicolas Copernicus publishes his Heliocentric Theory with Caution
1545 / The Council of Trent Begins
1553 / Michael Servetus is burned at the stake in Geneva, Switzerland for denying the Trinity
1555 / Peace of Augsburg is passed
1558 / Elizabeth Tudor becomes Queen Elizabeth I
1562 / French Wars on Religion Begin
1572 / St. Bartholomew’s Day Massacre
1588 / The Spanish Armada is defeated by England
1589 / Henry of Navarre becomes King Henry IV of France
1598 / King Henry IV of France issues the Edict of Nantes
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17th Century: 1600’s
Task: Identify, Explain, and Discuss key political, social, economic, cultural, and intellectual trends of the 17th century
Date / Event1602 / The Dutch East India Company is Formed
1603 / Queen Elizabeth Tudor I Dies with no direct heir, James I ascends the throne
1607 / Jamestown, Virginia is settled by the British London Company
1612 / The Dutch establish New York
1610 / King Henry IV of France is succeeded by Louis XIII and Cardinal Richelieu
1618-1648 / The 30 Years War is Fought
1625-1637 / Francis Bacon and Rene Descartes publish works
1642 / The English Revolution Begins
1643/1649 / King Louis XIV becomes King at age 5/ The Fronde, nobility revolt and Louis XIV promises to have control over nobles
1648 / The Peace of Westphalia is signed and officially ends the Wars on Religion
1653 / Oliver Cromwell becomes Lord Protector over England
1660 / Thomas Hobbes publishes The Leviathan
1669 / King Louis XIV begins construction on Palace of Versailles
1682 / Peter the Great becomes Tsar of Russia
1682 / Rembrandt paints the Night Watch, 17th century is known as the Golden Age for the Dutch
1685 / King Louis XIV revokes the Edict of Nantes
1688 / John Locke writes 2 Treatises on Government, outlining his political manifests
1688 / The Glorious Revolution
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18th Century: 1700’s
Task: Identify, Explain, and Discuss key political, social, economic, cultural, and intellectual trends of the 18th century
Date / Event1707 / Act of Union between England and Scotland
1713 / Treaty of Utecht ends the War of Spanish Succession and Officially Recognizes independence of Dutch
1721 / End of the Great Northern War between Russia and Sweden
1740 / Start of the War of the Austrian Succession
1740 / Frederick the Great becomes King of Prussia
1748 / Montesquieu Writes Spirit of Laws (Separation of Powers, Checks and Balances)
1751 / Diderot’s Encyclopedia appears
1756 / Seven Years War
1759 / Voltaire Writes Candide
1762 / Rousseau’s The Social Contract and Emile
1762 / Catherine the Great of Russia
1763 / Paris Peace ends Seven Years War, Great Britain establishes its supremacy in oversea colonies
1774 / Louis XVI becomes King
1776 / American Colonies fight for Independence against the British
1776 / Adam Smith’s Wealth of Nations
1778 / France supports the American cause financially and militarily
1781 / Joseph II of Austria issues the Edict of toleration
1788-1789 / King Louis XVI finds out France is bankrupt and so in 1789 he calls for meeting of Estates-General
1789 / Third Estate declares itself the National Assembly
Tennis Court Oath
Storming of the Bastille
Great Fear
Abolishment of Aristocratic Privileges
Declaration of the Rights of Man
Parisian women march on Versailles
1790 / Civil Constitution of the Clergy
1791 / Edmund Burke’s Reflections on the Revolution in France
1791 / French Constitutional monarch is established
King Louis XVI attempts to flee France
1792 / Mary Wollstonecraft’s Vindication of the Rights of Women
1792 / France declares war on Austria
San-Culottes storm the Tuileries Palace
September Massacres
France becomes a republic
1793 / Louis XVI is executed
Universal conscription of French Soldiers
Counter-revolutions break out in Vendee
Committee of Publish Safety is Established
Ratification of New Republican Constitution
Jean Paul Marat is murdered by Charlotte Corday
1794 / Danton is Executed
Festival of the supreme being
Fall of Robespierre
1798 / Thomas Malthus: Essay on Population
1799 / Napoleon becomes First Consul of France
19th Century: 1800’s
Task: Identify, Explain, and Discuss key political, social, economic, cultural, and intellectual trends of the 19th century
Date / Event1801 / Concordat of Bologna
1802 / Plebiscite (popular vote) establishes Napoleon Consul for Life
1804 / Napoleon crowns himself Emperor
Napoleonic Civil Code
1805 / Battle of Trafalgar: British Navy defeats French and Spanish naval forces causing Napoleon to turn to continental system in 1807.
1807 / British Parliament ends the slave trade
1812 / Napoleon invades Russia
1813 / Napoleon retreats from Russia
1814 / Napoleon abdicates and Louis XVIII’s reign begins
1814-1815 / Congress of Vienna
1817 / David Ricardo: Iron Law of Wages
1819 / Peterloo Massacre in Great Britain
Combination Acts ban union activity
1825 / Decembrist Revolution in Russia
1830 / July Revolution in France ends the Reign of Bourbon monarch in France
1830’s / Cholera Outbreak in Europe
1831 / Darwin studies finches on Galapagos Islands
1832 / Sadler Report
1832 / Great Reform Bill
1833 / Slavery Banned in British Empire
Factory Act
English Poor Law
1837 / Queen Victoria Reigns in Great Britain
1838 / Beginning of the Chartist movement
1839 / Opium Wars with China
1840 / Socialist/Anarchist, Joseph Proudhon writes: What is Property
1846 / British Repeal Corn Laws
Irish Potato Famine
1848 / Communist Manifesto is Written by Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels
1848 / French King Louis Phillippe is overthrown
1848 / German states are at unrest
Meeting of the Frankfurt Parliament
Nationalist revolts break out in Austrian Empire
June Days uprisings in Paris
Louis Napoleon is elected president of Second Republic
1851 / David Livingstone begins exploring Africa
1852 / Commodore Perry arrives and opens up Japan
1854 / Crimean War starts and ends Concert of Europe
1857 / Sepoy/Indian Rebellion
1861 / Alexander II emancipates serfs in Russia
1866 / Austro-Prussian War
1869 / Suez Canal is completed
1870 / Doctrine of Papal Infallibility
1870/1871 / Franco-Prussian War/Establishment of German Empire
1875 / Another Constitution in France and Another Republic (3rd)
1879 / Dual alliance formed between Germany and Austria-Hungary
1882 / Great Britain seizes control over Egyptian government
1884 / Berlin Conference
1885 / Indian National Congress meets
1887 / Reinsurance Treaty Between Germany and Russia
1890 / Kaiser Wilhelm II forces Bismarck to retire as Chancellor and does not renew Reinsurance Treaty with Russia
1894 / Dreyfus Affair in French Army
1894 / French Russian Alliance
1899 / Start of the Boer War
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20th Century: 1900’s
Task: Identify, Explain, and Discuss key political, social, economic, cultural, and intellectual trends of the 20th century
Date / Event1900 / Sigmund Freud and Interpretation of Dreams
1903 / Emmeline Pankhurst forms Women’s Social and Political Union
1904 / British-French Entente
1905 / Russian Revolution leads to creation of Duma
1905 / Church and State separates in France
1907 / British-Russian Entente
1908 / Austria-Hungary annexes Bosnia, which greatly upsets Serbia
1913 / Socialists become the largest party in Germany
1914 / Assassination of Franz Ferdinand, Austrian ultimatum to Serbia, Russian Mobilization, German declares war on Russia and France.
First Battle of the Marne
1915 / Sinking of the Lusitania
1917 / Zimmerman Telegram
Bolshevik Revolution and armistice with Germany
U.S. enters War
1918 / Worldwide Spanish Flu Epidemic
1918 / WWI Ends
German Kaiser Wilhelm II abdicates, creation of Weimar Republic in 1919
1919 / Treaty of Versailles
1919 / Mussolini organizes Fascist Party
1920 / Formation of Communist International
1923 / German Hyperinflation
Beer Hall Putsch
1924 / 1920-21 Soviet Union emerges
1924 Lenin Dies
Dawes Plan
1928-1929 / Stalin Five Year Plan and Collectivization
1929 / Stock market crashes
1932 / Nazi’s become largest party in the Reichstag
1933 / Reichstag Fire and Hitler becomes Chancellor
1934 / Great Terror and Purge in Soviet Union
Hitler becomes Fuhrer
1935 / Germany begins rearmament and issues Nuremberg Laws
1936 / Germany remilitarizes the Rhineland
1938 / Anschluss
Munich Agreement
1939 / Nazi-Soviet Non-Aggression Pact, Invasion of Poland, WWII starts
1940 / Fall of France, Battle of Britain, The Blitz on British Cities
1941 / Germany invades Soviet Union, Japan attacks Pearl Harbor
1942 / German advanced stopped at Stalingrad, Issues Final Solution for Jews
1944 / D-Day, Battle of Bulge
1945 / WWII Ends but Cold War Begins with Potsdam Conference
1945 / United Nations Charter is Ratified
Nuremberg Trials
1946 / France establishes yet another republic (4th)
Iron Curtain Speech from Churchill
1947 / Truman Doctrine and Marshall Plan
1948 / State of Israel is established
1948 / National Health Service established in Great Britain
1949 / NATO, Berlin Airlift, official establishment of East and West Germany
1951 / European Coal and Steel Community
1954 / Algerians revolt against French, Indochina defeats France
1955 / Warsaw pact
1956 / Soviet Troops use force to put down Hungarian Revolt
1957 / Ghana declares independence from Great Britain
1957 / Treaty of Rome establishes the EEC
1958 / ANOTHER FRENCH REPUBLIC (5th)
1961 / Berlin Wall
1962 / Cuban Missile Crisis
1968 / Prague Spring: attempt at democracy is crushed by Soviet force
1973 / Oil Crisis
1978 / John Paul II becomes Pope and eventually openly speaks out against communist tyranny
1979 / Margaret Thatcher becomes Prime Minister
1989 / Communist Control of Eastern Europe falls
1990 / Germany is reunified
1991 / End of the Soviet Union
1992 / Maastricht Treaty
1992 / Beginning of Yugoslavian conflict
1999 / Vladimir Putin becomes President of Russia
2002 / Euro is introduced
2004 / Warsaw Pact Nations Enter NATO
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Key Movements and Dates
Age of Exploration: 1450-1600
Commercial Revolution 1488-1750
Protestant Reformation 1517-1648
Counter Reformation 1545-1648
Pietism 1700-1850
Witch Hunts 1480-1700
Agricultural Revolution 17th Century to 19th Century
Industrial Revolution 18th and 19th Century
Scientific Revolution 1543-1700
Enlightenment 1650-1800
Renaissance 14th-17th Century