NAME______DATE______PERIOD_____

HYDROLOGY POST TEST STUDY GUIDE~KEY

Directions: Answer the following questions and use this to help you study for your test! Our test is on ______and this study guide is due on ______.

QUESTION / RESPONSE
1. What percentage of Earth is covered in water? / 71%
2. What percentage of the water on Earth is saltwater? What percentage is freshwater? / Saltwater = 97%
Freshwater = 3%
3. Where is the majority of Earth’s freshwater stored? Is this easily available to us? / The majority of Earth’s freshwater is stored in ice caps and glaciers. This is not easily available to us.
4. Define “water cycle”. What powers the water cycle? / The continuous movement of water from the ocean to the atmosphere to the land and back to the ocean. The sun powers the water cycle.
5. Describe evaporation. / Water changes from a liquid to a gas (water vapor) due to the heat from the sun. Molecules spread out and begin to rise into the atmosphere.
6. Describe condensation. Where does this take place? / When water vapor cools and changes into water droplets, forming clouds in the atmosphere. Gas turns back to liquid. This occurs in the atmosphere, specifically in the clouds.
7. Define “precipitation”. / When the cloud is saturated (heavy~can’t hold another drop!) with water droplets, it releases them back to the Earth in the form of rain, sleet, snow or hail.
8. Describe transpiration. / When water evaporates from the leaves of plants.
9. Describe infiltration/percolation. / The downward movement of water through pores and other spaces in the soil (ground) due to gravity. Water eventually becomes part of the layer of water underground (groundwater). Water moving through soil layers.
10. Describe runoff.
11. List Earth’s oceans in order from largest to smallest. / Precipitation flows over land into streams & rivers, eventually flowing into the ocean.
1.  Pacific
2.  Atlantic
3.  Indian
4.  Southern
5.  Arctic
12. Are the Earth’s oceans the same now as they were when Earth began to form? Explain. / No, the oceans started out as one giant body of water called “Panthalassa”. As Pangaea was separating into smaller pieces, Panthalassa broke up into smaller and separate oceans.
13. What is SONAR? / Sound Navigation and Ranging
14. With SONAR, what happens to sound pulses from a ship after they hit the ocean floor? / The sound pulse move through water, bounces off the ocean floor and returns to the ship.
15. The longer it takes sound from SONAR to return to a ship….. / the deeper the water.
16. The continental margin consists of the …. / 1.  Continental shelf
2.  Continental slope
3.  Continental rise
Created from continental crust!
17. The deep ocean basin consists of the….. / 1.  Abyssal plain
2.  Mid-ocean ridges
3.  Rift valleys
4.  Ocean trenches
Created from oceanic crust!
18. Define “salinity”. / A measure of the amount of dissolved salts in a given amount of liquid.
19. What factors are responsible for differences in the salinity of ocean water? / Climate & water movement
20. What is the most abundant dissolved salt in the ocean water? / Sodium Chloride
21. As water gets denser, how does it move? / It moves towards the bottom of the ocean floor.
22. What process in the water cycle increases the salinity of ocean water? / Evaporation
23. Define “ocean currents”. / Stream-like movement of water in the ocean; follows a regular pattern.
24. Compare & contrast surface currents & deep currents. / Surface Currents: Horizontal, stream-like movements of ocean water that occur at or near Earth’s surface. Controlled by global winds, Coriolis effect and continental deflections.
Deep Currents: Stream-like movements of ocean water located far below the surface. Form in parts of the ocean where water density increase. The density is affected by temperature and salinity.
What do they have in common? They are both stream-like movements of water occurring in the ocean.
25. The curved path of surface currents & global winds (Coriolis effect) is caused by….. / the rotation of the Earth on it’s axis.
26. Ocean currents in the Northern hemisphere turn….. / Clockwise
27. Ocean currents in the Southern hemisphere turn…. / Counterclockwise
28. One of the longest surface currents that causes the British Isles to have a warmer climate is the ….. / Gulf Stream
29. How do warm water currents affect the coastal areas along which they flow? / Create warmer climates along coastal areas that would otherwise be much cooler. Ex: Gulf Stream carries warm water from the tropics up to the British Isles creating a milder climate than you would expect at that higher latitude.
30. How do cold water currents affect the coastal areas along which they flow? / Creates cooler climates along coastal areas that would otherwise be much warmer. Ex: California Current brings cooler water along the coast of California, keeping the climate nice and cool.
31. What affects the movement of deep currents? / Temperature and salinity
32. Define “waves”. How do they form? / Up and down motion of ocean water, created by wind transferring energy to the ocean water. Can also be created by underwater earthquakes and volcanoes.
33. Draw a wave. Identify and define the following: crest, trough, wavelength & wave height /
Crest: top of a wave
Trough: bottom of a wave
Wavelength: distance from crest to crest or trough to trough
Wave height: distance from crest to trough
34. How do particles of water in a wave move? / In a circular motion
35. Define “tides”. How do they form? / Daily changes in the level of ocean water. Tides form due to the gravitational pull of the sun, moon and Earth.
36. Approximately how many high tides and how many low tides occur in one day? / Approximately two high tides per day and two low tides per day.
37. Define “spring tide”. Draw the relative positions of the Earth, sun and moon when a spring tide occurs. / Tides with the largest daily tidal range. Occurs at the new and full moons.
38. Define “neap tide”. Draw the relative positions of the Earth, sun and moon when a spring tide occurs. / Tides with the smallest daily tidal range. Occurs at the 1st & 3rd Quarter moons.

OCEAN-FLOOR ADVENTURE KEY

1.  F

2.  A

3.  E

4.  C

5.  H

6.  D

7.  B

8.  G