Human Growth and Sexuality

Human Growth and Sexuality

9th Grade Course Outline

·  Identify the organs of the male reproductive system and their functions (see Male Reproductive System diagram and handout)

·  Scrotum

·  Testes

·  Seminiferous tubules

·  Epididymis

·  Vas deferens

·  Seminal vesicles

·  Ejaculatory duct

·  Prostate gland

·  Cowper’s glands

·  Urethra

·  Penis

·  Glans penis

·  Foreskin

·  KEY POINTS – The male reproductive organs produce a hormone called testosterone, produce sperm cells, and transport the sperm to the female. Male physiology involves erection, orgasm, and ejaculation.

·  Discuss male physiology

·  Erection – an involuntary process that occurs when the spongy tissue inside the male penis becomes engorged, causing the penis to become stiff and hard.

·  Orgasm – an explosive discharge at the peak of sexual excitement that is marked by rhythmic contractions and a sense of release. This usually occurs with ejaculation.

·  Ejaculation – the sudden expulsion of semen from the male penis.

·  Identify the components of semen

·  Semen is composed of

·  Sperm cells

·  Nutrient fluid from the seminal vesicles

·  Acidic fluid from the prostate gland

·  Lubricating and neutralizing fluid from the Cowper’s glands

·  Describe the path of sperm cells from production to release

·  Sperm cells are produced in the testes

·  Stored in the epididymis

·  Travel through the vas deferens

·  Combine with fluid from the seminal vesicles

·  Combine with fluid from the prostate gland

·  Combine with fluid from the Cowper’s gland

·  Now called semen, travels through the urethra in the penis

·  Leaves the body through the opening in the penis during ejaculation

·  KEY POINTS – Puberty is the stage of growth and development in which

males and females become capable of producing children. In males, testosterone, the male hormone is released into the bloodstream from the testes and causes male secondary sex characteristics to develop.

·  Identify the male changes during puberty (secondary sex characteristics)

·  Larger muscles

·  Longer, heavier bones

·  Thicker, tougher skin

·  Deeper voice

·  Growth of body hair

·  Development of pubic hair

·  Greater muscle mass

·  V-shaped torso

·  Enlargement of penis, scrotum, and testes

·  Increased metabolic rate

·  Sex drive

·  Ejaculation of semen

·  Identify the organs of the female reproductive system and their functions (see Female Reproductive System diagrams and handout)

·  External Organs

·  Vulva

·  Mons pubis

·  Labia majora

·  Labia minora

·  Clitoris

·  Urethral opening

·  Hymen

·  Bartholins glands

·  Internal Organs

·  Vagina

·  Cervix

·  Uterus

·  Endometrium

·  Fallopian tubes

·  Ovaries

·  KEY POINTS – The female reproductive organs produce hormones called estrogen and progesterone and, produce egg cells (ova). Female physiology involves ovulation, menstruation, fertilization, pregnancy, and childbirth.

·  Discuss female physiology

·  Ovulation – the release of a mature egg (ovum) from the ovary that usually occurs once each month.

·  Menstruation – the process by which the uterus sheds its lining. The cycle lasts about 28 days and consists of

·  Uterus thickens in preparation for the possibility of a fertilized egg

·  Ovulation – the egg is released from the ovary

·  If the egg is not fertilized by the male sperm, the lining of the uterus begins to break down

·  Eventually the blood and tissue leave the body

·  The uterus begins to repair itself

·  Fertilization – the union of an egg and sperm cell that occurs in the fallopian tube. Also called conception.

·  Fraternal twins – twins that develop from two separate sperm fertilizing two separate ova (eggs)

·  Identical twins – twins that develop from a single sperm fertilizing a single ovum (egg) that divides into two zygotes

·  Pregnancy – the process by which a fertilized egg grows and develops in the mother’s uterus and forms a new individual. In humans, this process lasts about nine months.

·  Childbirth – the delivery of the baby from the mother’s uterus.

·  KEY POINTS – Puberty is the stage of growth and development in which

males and females become capable of producing children. In females, estrogen and progesterone, the female hormones are released into the bloodstream from the ovaries and causes female secondary sex characteristics to develop.

·  Identify the female changes during puberty (secondary sex characteristics)

·  Development of breasts

·  Broadening of the pelvis

·  Soft and smooth skin

·  Deposition of fat in the thighs and buttocks

·  Development of pubic hair

·  Sex drive

·  Ovulation

·  Menstruation

·  Discuss the advantages of sexual abstinence

·  No risk of pregnancy

·  No risk of deadly STD transmission

·  Security that you are not being pursued for sexual reasons

·  A honest chance to develop more depth in relationships

·  Less worries about emotional betrayal

·  More self-respect and more respect for each other

·  Peace of mind and joy in the knowledge that you are true to your beliefs and values

·  Discuss the STOP method for maintaining sexual abstinence

·  S = STOP. Stop the activity that threatens to get out of control. This first step may be difficult but it is critical for remaining in control.

·  T = THINK. Analyze what is happening. Does your present behavior agree with your values? Would your parents approve? Develop, in advance, a list of questions to ask yourself that would be meaningful to you.

·  O = OTHER ACTIVITIES. If your behavior feels out of control – if it conflicts with your values – direct the energy of the moment into other activities (going to a movie, going out for ice cream, etc.)

·  P = PLAN. Make the next time easier by planning how to remain in charge. Decide not to plan dates that involve too much time alone. (Go on dates with another couple.) Avoid alcohol or other drugs that can cloud your thinking.

·  Discuss contraceptives in general

·  Natural methods – other than abstinence, these methods are NOT RECOMMENDED for teenagers because there are too many variables

·  Total abstinence – the only 100% effective method of contraception. No intercourse.

·  Calendar charting – chart the menstrual cycle on a calendar and abstain during ovulation.

·  Basal body temperature – check body temperature which is higher during ovulation. Abstain during ovulation.

·  Withdrawal – withdrawal of the penis from the vagina before ejaculation occurs.

·  Barrier methods – these are methods that stop the sperm from joining the egg by placing a barrier between them.

·  Male condom – the penis is covered by a latex, polyurethane, or animal skin sheath.

·  Female condom - a soft, loose-fitting polyurethane sheath that lines the vagina.

·  Cervical cap – a thimble-shaped latex cap coated with spermicide that fits over the cervix.

·  Diaphragm – a shallow latex cup coated with spermicide that fits over the cervix.

·  Contraceptive sponge – the Protectaid® contraceptive sponge is a unique barrier device made of polyurethane foam impregnated with F-5 Gel (spermicide).

·  Chemical methods – these methods kill sperm or stop the ovaries from releasing egg cells.

·  Oral contraceptives (The pill) – oral contraceptives, known as "The Pill", contain two synthetic female hormones (estrogen and progesterone) which prevent pregnancy by inhibiting the monthly release of the "egg" from the ovaries.

·  Spermicides - prevent pregnancy by killing sperm so that none can reach and fertilize an egg.

·  Vaginal contraceptive film - a 2 inch by 2 inch paper-thin sheet that contains a chemical that kills sperm (called nonoxynol-9). It is translucent (permitting light to go through it). It is placed on or near the cervix (the opening of the womb). It dissolves immediately.

·  Intrauterine device (IUD) - an (IUD) is a small object that is inserted through the cervix and placed in the uterus to prevent pregnancy. A small string hangs down from the IUD into the upper part of the vagina. The IUD is not noticeable during intercourse. IUDs can last 1-10 years.

·  Norplant - Six thin, flexible plastic implants are inserted under the skin of the upper arm. The soft capsules are about the size of a cardboard matchstick. Each contains a hormone (levonorgestrel) like the progesterone made by a woman's ovaries. A small amount of hormone is released constantly. The hormone keeps the ovaries from releasing eggs. It also thickens the cervical mucus, keeping sperm from joining with an egg.

·  Depo-provera - a prescription method of reversible birth control. It is a hormone like progesterone that regulates the menstrual cycle. A shot of Depo provera in the buttocks or arm can prevent pregnancy for 12 weeks by not allowing the ovaries to release eggs.

·  Surgical methods

·  Vasectomy - an operation which blocks the tubes (the vas deferens) which carry a man's sperm to the penis. This operation should be considered permanent.

·  Tubal sterilization - an operation which blocks fallopian tubes which carry a woman's egg to her uterus.

·  Discuss pregnancy in general

·  Prenatal development (see “Fetal Development Stages” handout)

·  Discuss labor and childbirth in general

·  Stages of labor

·  Dilation of the cervix

·  The cervix dilates to 10 centimeters. This is know as labor.

·  Delivery of the baby

·  The baby leaves the mother’s body

·  Vaginal birth – the baby passes through the vagina head first or feet or buttocks first (breech)

·  Cesarean – the baby is born through an incision in the mother’s abdomen.

·  Delivery of the placenta

·  The sac that nourished the baby during pregnancy leaves the body.

Human Growth and Sexuality

11th Grade Course Outline

·  Describe measures to maintain personal safety (women’s classes) (see “Personal Safety” handout)

·  Review the organs of the male reproductive system and their functions (see Male Reproductive System diagram and handout)

·  Scrotum

·  Testes

·  Seminiferous tubules

·  Epididymis

·  Vas deferens

·  Seminal vesicles

·  Ejaculatory duct

·  Prostate gland

·  Cowper’s glands

·  Urethra

·  Penis

·  Glans penis

·  Foreskin

·  KEY POINTS – The male reproductive organs produce a hormone called testosterone, produce sperm cells, and transport the sperm to the female. Male physiology involves erection, orgasm, and ejaculation.

·  Review male physiology

·  Erection – an involuntary process that occurs when the spongy tissue inside the male penis becomes engorged, causing the penis to become stiff and hard.

·  Orgasm – an explosive discharge at the peak of sexual excitement that is marked by rhythmic contractions and a sense of release. This usually occurs with ejaculation.

·  Ejaculation – the sudden expulsion of semen from the male penis.

·  Review the components of semen

·  Semen is composed of

·  Sperm cells

·  Nutrient fluid from the seminal vesicles

·  Acidic fluid from the prostate gland

·  Lubricating and neutralizing fluid from the Cowper’s glands

·  Review the path of sperm cells from production to release

·  Sperm cells are produced in the testes

·  Stored in the epididymis

·  Travel through the vas deferens

·  Combine with fluid from the seminal vesicles

·  Combine with fluid from the prostate gland

·  Combine with fluid from the Cowper’s gland

·  Now called semen, travels through the urethra in the penis

·  Leaves the body through the opening in the penis during ejaculation

·  KEY POINTS – Puberty is the stage of growth and development in which

males and females become capable of producing children. In males, testosterone, the male hormone is released into the bloodstream from the testes and causes male secondary sex characteristics to develop.

·  Review the male changes during puberty (secondary sex characteristics)

·  Larger muscles

·  Longer, heavier bones

·  Thicker, tougher skin

·  Deeper voice

·  Growth of body hair

·  Development of pubic hair

·  Greater muscle mass

·  V-shaped torso

·  Enlargement of penis, scrotum, and testes

·  Increased metabolic rate

·  Sex drive

·  Ejaculation of semen

·  Identify and discuss problems of the male reproductive system and male sexual concerns

·  Circumcision – removal of the foreskin of the penis for religious reasons or for cleanliness

·  Smegma – cheesy, waxy substance that forms under the foreskin of the penis

·  Cryptorchidism - the testicle fails to descend into its normal position in the scrotum by age 12 months. Can cause sterility if not treated.

·  Delayed ejaculation - when ejaculation takes a long time to occur, or never occurs, during lovemaking with a partner and/or during masturbation.

·  Hernia - a condition in which part of the intestine bulges through
a weak area of the muscles in the abdomen.

·  Impotence – the inability to maintain an erection in order to have intercourse. This can be due to stress, illness, or exhaustion.

·  Morning erection – an erection cause by a full bladder or waking during REM sleep.

·  Nocturnal emissions – spontaneous ejaculations that occur during sleep; “wet dreams.”

·  Penis size – a male sexual concern that has nothing to do with performance.

·  Peyronie’s disease – a build-up of fibrous tissue on the penis making erection difficult and painful.

·  Premature ejaculation – semen is released before both partners are ready.

·  Prostate cancer – an uncontrolled growth of cells in the prostate gland.

·  Signs

·  Usually none at first

·  Loss in force of urine

·  Dribbling urine

·  Increased frequency of urination

·  Blood in urine

·  Passing urine at night

·  Pain in the pelvic area

·  Lower back pain

·  Prostatitis – enlarged prostate gland

·  Retrograde Ejaculation – semen backs up into the bladder instead of leaving the penis.

·  Sterility or temporary sterility - ability to function sexually but cannot reproduce

·  Causes

·  Extreme temperature changes

·  Low sperm production