Here are the outlines and major points to study for the final

The final is basically a forth test with cumulative elements

The final is worth 250 points

Bring a blue/green book and pen to the final

The policy on cell phones, is that you can put them up at the front in phone jail (make sure that they are off) or if you keep them in your bag, if I see them or hear them you will get a zero on the exam

As usual anything that was covered in lectures or is on the slides and anything from your assigned readings from your text book, the readings from our units and also anything from our in class debate can be on the final

The Second Industrial Revolution and the Rise of Big Business

Industrialization in America

By the 1870’s America had already gone through one industrial revolution and was starting to go through a 2nd industrial revolution that would last into the 20th century.

The First Industrial Revolution in America started with textiles in around the 1780’s and continued to make a huge impact on American society well into the 19th century

The First Industrial Revolution happened gradually and unevenly. The main industries of the First Industrial Revolution were Textiles, Railroads, Iron and Coal or TRIC

Characteristics of American Industrialization

Interchangeable parts

Machine tools

Mass production

Standardization

Good access to raw materials

Large work force

Develops more , but not exclusively in New England

Technologies of the Industrial Revolution

Arms manufacture

Sewing machine

The Vulcanization of Rubber

The mechanical reaper

The second industrial Revolution

Was not possible without the First Industrial Revolution.

Focuses on different industries and different sectors of the economy than the First Industrial Revolution

The industries of the Second Industrial Revolution :

R ailroads( especially transcontinental)

O il

S teel

E lectricity

Steel construction

RAILROADS

Oil

Electricity

We also spent a good amount of time in class talking about Big Business of the Gilded Age

Know the new business practices and modes of business organization that emerged in the Gilded Age, make sure to think about why big business emerged when it did

Also know the major players in American Business at the time and how they made their millions

Here are some lecture notes on the rise of Big Business

A. Railroads: America’s First Big Business

1. Expanding on a Nationwide Scale—Military conquest of America’s inland empire and the dispossession of Native Americans paved the way for an elaborate new railroad system; by 1900, the United States boasted over 193,000 miles of railroad track, more than all of Europe and Russia combined; privately owned but publicly financed by enormous land grants; epitomized the nexus of business and politics in the Gilded Age.

Big Business Tycoons—The Pennsylvania Railroad by the 1870s boasted a payroll of more than 55,000 workers; capitalized at more than $400 million dollars, it was the largest private enterprise in the world; Gould and his competitor “Commodore” Cornelius Vanderbilt amassed fortunes estimated at $100 million; federal and state governments encouraged their growth by offering generous cash subsidies and land grants.

The Communication Revolution—The telegraph, developed by Samuel F. B. Morse, marched alongside the railroad; formed the nervous system of the new industrial order; transformed business by providing instantaneous communication.

because railroad owners lost money from this competition, they attempted to set up arrangements, or “pools,” setting rates and dividing territory among themselves; these informal agreements invariably failed because men like Jay Gould refused to play by the rules; the public’s opinion of Gould as “the most hated man in America” illustrated the barometer of attitudes toward big business in general.

B. Andrew Carnegie, Steel, and Vertical Integration

1. Andrew Carnegie and Carnegie Steel—Carnegie became one of America’s heroes; he turned away from speculation, striking out on his own to build the biggest steel industry in the world; self-made man who gave away more than $300 million before he died, most notably to public libraries;his story and his philanthropy burnished his public image; Carnegie built the most up-to-date Bessemer steel plant in the world on the outskirts of Pittsburgh; had easy access to two railroad lines and the Monongahela River, a natural highway up to Pittsburgh and the Ohio River and the coalfields farther north; cut the cost of making rails by more than half.

2. Vertical Integration—Toguarantee the lowest costs and the maximum output, Carnegie pioneered a system of business organization called vertical integration; all aspects of business were under Carnegie’s control, from mining to transport to production.

3. Cutthroat Practices—The productivity Carnegie encouraged came at a great price; pitted managers against each other; workers achieved the output Carnegie demanded by enduring long hours, low wages, and dangerous working condition; by 1900, Carnegie Steel had expanded to include several plants and stood as the best-known manufacturer in the nation; only rival was the titan of the oil industry, John D. Rockefeller.

C. John D. Rockefeller, Standard Oil, and the Trust

1. Oil Competition—Theamount of capital needed to buy or build an oil refinery in the 1860s and 1870s remained relatively low; prompted rigorous competition among many small refineries.

2. Rockefeller’s Tactics—John D. Rockefeller founded the Standard Oil Company in 1870; while he was the largest refiner in Cleveland, Rockefeller demanded secret rebates from the railroads in exchange for his steady business; enabled him to undercut his competitors.

3. A New Corporate Structure—In 1882, Rockefeller pioneered a new form of corporate structure—the trust; differed from Carnegie’s vertical approach; used horizontal integration to control the refining process; allowed Standard Oil trustees to hold stock in various refinery companies “in trust” and to coordinate policy between the refineries; elaborate stock swap gave Rockefeller a monopoly of the oil-refining business and eventually paved the way for the establishment of trusts in other industries.

4. Holding Companies—The public pressured the federal government to outlaw the trust as a violation of free trade; when the government threatened to outlaw the trust, Standard Oil changed its tactics and reorganized as a holding company; brought competing companies under one central administration; could act in concert because they were no longer technically separate businesses; by 1890, Standard Oil ruled more than 90 percent of the oil business; became the country’s first billionaire.

D. New Inventions: The Telephone and Electricity

1. Alexander Graham Bell—A Scottish immigrant; invented a way to transmit voice over wire—the telephone; soon Americans were communicating locally and across the country with long-distance telephone service.

2. Thomas Alva Edison—Embodiedthe old-fashioned virtues of Yankee ingenuity and rugged individualism that Americans most admired; pioneered the use of electricity as an energy source; electricity became a part of American urban life by the late nineteenth century.

A. J. P. Morgan and Finance Capitalism

1. The “Money Trust”—John Pierpont Morgan loathed competition and sought to eliminate it by substituting consolidation and central control; made him the architect of business mergers; dominated American banking and exerted an influence so powerful that his critics charged he controlled a vast “money trust.”

Challenging Carnegie—In1898, Morgan turned to the steel industry, directly challenging Andrew Carnegie; supervised mergers of several smaller companies that expanded to compete with Carnegie; purchased Carnegie Steel for $480 million.

A New Corporate World—Theacquisition signaled the passing of one age and the coming of another: Carnegie represented the old entrepreneurial order, Morgan the new corporate world; in 1901, Morgan pulled Carnegie’s competitors into a huge new corporation, United States Steel, the largest corporation in the world.

Technology and Industry in the 20th century

Technology in 1900

  • What has changed in American technology and industry since 1800?
  • What about Technology in 1900 is familiar to us today?
  • What about America in 1900 is unfamiliar to us today?
  • The 2nd Industrialization is still in full swing
  • America is increasingly urbanized
  • Electricity
  • New Building Construction

Technological systems

  • By 1900 the technologies in use in America were larger and more common than they were before
  • As the need for energy grew, technological systems needed to be developed
  • The Electric power grid is one example
  • Telephone and telegraph lines are another
  • Electric street cars and Railroads were also technological systems

The Assembly Line

  • Not invented by Henry Ford
  • But used to tremendous effect by him and others
  • Assembly lines wrote the components to the worker
  • The process of manufacturing goods had been broken down into smaller and smaller parts
  • Started off as disassembly lines
  • Most factories used multiple assemble lines

Henry Ford

Household technologies of the 1920’s

Image result for household technologies 1920s

Science, the Final Frontier

  • After WWII
  • And because of the Cold War
  • Desire for America to compete on a global stage scientifically becomes of upmost importance
  • We should continue with the scientific advancements that we have already made
  • And we should strive for more
  • And make sure that our people are educated to do so

The Cellphone

American Social Movements

Mormons, Utopians, and Abolitionists

The Second Great Awakening

  • Was based in a reaction against growing liberalism in religion around 1800
  • Began on the Southern frontier but soon spread to northeastern cities
  • Influenced more people than the first Great Awakening
  • Converted countless souls
  • Shattered and reorganized churches and new sects
  • Fostered new reform movements
  • Prison reform, temperance, women’s movement and abolition
  • Peter Cartwright and Charles Grandison Finney

The Age of Reform

  • Major Issues –
  • Abolition of Slavery
  • Temperance
  • Women’s rights
  • Education reform
  • Ending war
  • Conditions for the mentally ill
  • Prison reform
  • Ending imprisonment for debt

Temperance

Women’s Rights

Education

Wilderness Utopias

  • Various reformers set up more than 40 communities of a cooperative, communistic nature
  • 1825, in New Harmony, Indiana, site of about 1000 persons led by Robert Owen
  • Founded the first Kindergarten, first free public school and first free public library
  • Brooks Farm in Massachusetts
  • Oneida colony
  • 1848
  • Practices free love
  • Communal care of children
  • The Shakers
  • Longest-lived sect beginning in 1776-1940

The Oneida Community

Robert Owen’s vision

The Mormons

  • Joseph Smith received the sacred writings in New York state in 1830
  • Organizes the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter Day Saints
  • Not well liked by neighbors
  • Forced to move, first to Missouri, then to Nauvoo, Illinois
  • Joseph Smith was killed by a mob
  • In 1847, the community was led to the valley of the Great Salt Lake by new leader Brigham Young

Abolition

  • Abolitionism: Movement in the North that demanded the immediate end of slavery
  • American Colonization Society
  • Founded in 1817
  • Recolonization was the solution
  • Republic of Liberia established on West African coast for former slaves in 1832
  • Radical Abolition
  • William Lloyd Garrison
  • Theodore Dwight Weld
  • Wendell Phillips
  • Angelina and Sarah Grimke

William Lloyd Garrison’s The Liberator

The rise of the labor movement

  • So lets go back to industrialization and the rise of big business for a minute
  • What were the labor conditions during the industrial revolution?
  • Were they different than the labor conditions before and after the industrial revolution?
  • When do labor unions emerge and what impact do they have?
  • Who unionizes ?
  • Why do they unionize ?

The National Labor Union

  • Organized in 1866
  • Led by William Sylvis
  • Lasts for 6 years with a peak membership of about 600,000 workers
  • Focused on social reform
  • Particularly the 8 hour work day
  • The Colored National Labor Union
  • Founded in 1869 by African Americans
  • NLU was killed by the Panic of 1873 and the subsequent depression of the mid 1870’s

The Knights of Labor

  • Led by Terence Powderly
  • Founded in 1869
  • Much of the leadership and membership was Irish
  • Sought to include all workers in one big union including blacks and women
  • Campaigned for economic and social reform
  • Codes for safety and health and an end to child labor
  • Fought for an 8 hour work day
  • The Knights won a major strike in 1885 against Gould’s struggling railroad company
  • The Knights of Labor declined due to the Great Upheaval (1886) which was 1,400 strikes involving 500,000 workers and the Haymarket Square bombing

The American Federation of Labor

  • Formed in 1886, lead by Samuel Gompers
  • Only wanted labor to win its fair share , better wages and better hours , and improved working conditions
  • Closed Shop : all workers in a Unionized industry had to belong to the Union
  • The chief strategies of the AFL were the walk-out and boycott
  • By 1900 it had about 500,000 members
  • Does not represent women or blacks ( at all) or unskilled workers ( very well)

The Progressive Era

  • Roughly 1900-1920
  • So what was the Progressive Era?
  • How is it distinguished from the previous eras that we have already studied ?
  • What about American life from the Gilded Age holds true during the Progressive Era?
  • What are some problems of the Gilded Age?
  • What problems was American society facing at the time?
  • Who decided that those problems were problems?
  • How did society deal with those problems?

The Progressives

  • Believed an efficient government could protect the public interest and restore order to society
  • Saw government as an agency of human welfare
  • Specific issues for reform:
  • The Breakup or regulation of trusts
  • Killing of political machines
  • Reducing the threat of socialism( by improving worker’s lives)
  • Improving squalid conditions in the cities
  • Improving working conditions for female labor and ending child labor
  • Consumer Protection
  • Voting reform
  • Conservation
  • Banking reform
  • Labor reform( working conditions and unionization
  • Prohibition of alcohol
  • Female suffrage

Progressive legislation

  • The 17th amendment ( direct election of senators)
  • Department of Commerce and Labor
  • Hepburn Act
  • Meat Inspection Act
  • Pure Food and Drug Act
  • Newlands Reclamation Act
  • The Child Labor Act of 1916
  • Federal Trade Commission Act of 1914
  • Clayton Anti-Trust Act of 1914
  • Income tax

Civil Rights

What have we learned about American Social movements so far?

What is the Civil Rights movement?

When did it start?

Why did it start when it did?

Why in the time after WWII does Civil Rights activities increase ?

What impact did the Civil Rights movement have?

Segregation

The civil rights movement was a political, legal, and social struggle to gain full citizenship rights for African Americans.

The civil rights movement was first and foremost a challenge to segregation, the system of laws and customs separating African Americans and whites.

During the movement, individuals and civil rights organizations challenged segregation and discrimination with a variety of activities, including protest marches, boycotts, and refusal to abide by segregation laws.

Two kinds of segregation

de jure segregation

Segregation by law

Common in the South

Laws forbid African-Americans from attending the same church, using the same swimming pool, eating in restaurants, or marrying White people.

de facto segregation

Segregation without laws

Common in the North

Housing discrimination made segregation in the North. White community groups did not allow non-Whites to live in White neighborhoods. Every ethnic group had its own part of town.

Plessy v Ferguson
Is Separate Equal ?

1896 Homer Plessy took a seat in the “Whites Only” car of a train and refused to move. He was arrested, tried, and convicted in the District Court of New Orleans for breaking Louisiana’s segregation law.

Question:

Was the Louisiana law separating blacks and whites on railroad cars legal?

Decision:

Split decision that “separate but equal” law did not violate the 14th amendment

Brown vs. Board of Education of Topeka KS
Is Separate Equal ?

In 1954 Linda Brown’s parents wanted her to attend the school close to her home. Kansas law stated she had to attend a segregated school. NAACP and attorney Thurgood Marshall tested the law.

Question:

Can Linda Brown attend an “all white” school?

Decision:

“separate educational facilities inherently unequal”

desegregation required across the nation

World War II and the Korean War

During World War II and the Korean War, racial minorities such as African-Americans, Hispanics, or Native Americans had made many gains. The U.S. military had needed their help and had allowed them to fight. Many came home heroes and earned respect.

The 1960s: A Decade of Protest

I. Why the 1960s?

  1. The Impact of the Civil Rights & Anti- Vietnam War Movements

An Age of Inspiring Leaders (and Assassinations)

C. Baby Boomers Enter
Their Teens and 20s

New Drugs: The Pill and LSD

II. 4 Protest Movements of the 1960s

  1. The Women’s Movement

Fighting for Equality at Work and School

-- Fighting for Divorce and Abortion Rights

-- Challenging Attitudes & Gender Stereotypes

Hippies and the Counter-Culture

•Creating a New Culture: From Politics, War and Suburbs to Peace, Love & Sex

The Decline – and Lingering Effects – of the Hippies

The Gay Rights Movement

Context: Decades of Discrimination

Rioting at Stonewall Sparks Gay Pride

-- The Life and Death of Harvey Milk

The Latino Movement or Chicano Movement

A Growing Population: The Immigration Act of 1965

•Cesar Chavez Fights for
Farm Workers