Grade 11 World Religions
Christianity
Henry VII and the Anglican Church
Please fill in the blanks of the notes from the PowerPoint.
England at the Time
• England was distant and isolated from Europe.
• Protestantism tore apart European society; it took a far different form in England, retaining much of the doctrine and the practices of Catholicism.
• The monarchs wavered between religions.
• England had, for several centuries, an uncomfortable relationship with Rome.
King Henry VIII
• The adoption of______was a political move, rather than a religious move.
• After King Henry VII dies, ______takes the throne.
• King Henry VIII marries his brother’s wife, ______(Wife 1).
• Since she had been previously married to his brother, Henry had to get ______for the marriage. Marrying the wife of one's brother was incest; it was almost equivalent to marrying one's sister.
• The marriage produced no ______children to occupy the throne at Henry's death.
NO MALE HEIR = PROBLEM
• ______began to doubt both of the marriage and the spiritual validity of the marriage.
• No male heir, meant no King to replace Henry and carry on his reign.
• King Henry worried that if he did not have a son to become king in the future, ______
• King Henry believed he was being punished by ______for marrying his brother’s wife.
Henry VIII and His Many Wives
• In the mid-1520's, Henry met and fell in love with______, a lady in waiting (personal companion/confidant/assistant) to Catherine.
• He wished to ______his marriage to ______and marry ______.
• Not only did he love Ann, he feared leaving the throne of England without a male heir.
In order to marry Ann, the marriage with Catherine had to be annulled by the pope.
Circumstances, however, were working against Henry.
1. In order to marry Catherine, he needed special papal dispensation. Annulling the marriage would imply that the first papal dispensation was in error, something the pope was not willing to admit.
2. Charles V, the Holy Roman Emperor, had recently invaded Rome and captured the pope. While the pope was allowed to stay pope, he was the virtual prisoner of Charles. The answer to Henry's request, then, was no and no again.
· After failing, Henry fires his advisers, and hires new advisers to fill their roles.
· ______and ______his new advisers are sympathetic to the new ideas of Martin Luther.
· They give the king some radical advice: If the ______does not grant the ______, then split the English church off from the Roman church.
· Rather than the pope, the king would be the ______of the English church. If the King wants an annulment, then the King can grant his own annulment.
So What Happened?
• In 1529, the English Parliament began to debate this question; this debate would occupy the English Parliament for seven years and so gave it the name, the "Reformation Parliament."
• It did not settle the matter all at once, but steadily granted powers over the church clergy to the king.
• In 1531, the clergy of England recognized Henry as the______, and in 1533, Parliament passed the "______," a law which placed the clergy completely under Henry's control.
• Henry married Ann Boleyn, who was already pregnant with his second daughter, ______.
• In 1534 Parliament stopped all contributions to the ______by English clergy and lay people and, in the same year, gave Henry complete ______over all church appointments.
• Finally, the ______declared the children of Ann Boleyn to be the heirs to the throne and officially declared the king the supreme head of the church.
How Does This Change the Church?
• The English church didn't really______.
• The average person going to church would see almost no change in the practices or dogma of the church.
• It was still for all practical purposes a Catholic Church; the only real difference that anybody would notice was the use of ______in the church.
• In 1539, Henry reaffirmed his commitment to Catholic practice by passing into law the______.
• These articles affirmed the transubstantiation of the Eucharist (that is, that the Eucharist was mystically transformed into the body and blood of Christ), confession, private masses, celibate vows, and the sanctity of the Eucharistic cup.
• The only substantive change Henry made merely involved the head of the church. The English church, however, would radically change under Henry's successor, Edward VI.
Edward VI
• Edward VI (ruled 1547-1553) was Henry's______, born by his third wife, Jane Seymour.
• Edward was only a ______when he became king. Edward agreed with the Protestant cause.
• Edward and Thomas Cranmer set about turning the Church of England into a ______.
• He repealed the______, allowed clergy to marry, and imposed Thomas Cranmer's Book of Common Prayer on all church services.
• He also ordered any and all images and altars to be ______from churches.
• Edward, however, died only six years into his reign.
Mary
• Mary reined from______.
• Mary was Henry's first child by______.
• Mary had been raised in France and was devoutly ______.
• Mary declared England to be a Catholic country and assertively went about converting churches back to Catholic practices.
• Images and altars were returned, the Book of Common Prayer was removed, clerical celibacy was reimposed, and Eucharistic practices reaffirmed.
• She met opposition because of the large number of executions of Protestant leaders. The English would eventually call her "Bloody Mary."
• Had she lived longer, England would probably have reverted to Catholicism for another century or so.
Elizabeth I
• Mary was succeeded by Elizabeth, the daughter of Ann Boleyn. Henry had executed Ann as an adulterer and Elizabeth was declared a bastard child.
• Elizabeth took the throne in 1558 and reigned until 1603.
• Elizabeth understood that her country was being torn apart by the warring doctrines.
• She repealed Mary's Catholic legislation, and she did not return to Edward's more severe Protestantism.
• She worked out a compromise church that retained as much as possible from the Catholic church while putting into place most of the foundational ideas of Protestantism.
• The pope ______her and this created intense internal difficulties in England.
• For it was obligatory for any Catholic to attempt to ______or ______her if possible, and a large part of the English nobility was Catholic.
• Elizabeth managed to avoid assassination because of her brilliant ______and her pervasive network of______.
• The Catholic plots on her life ended when she ______her cousin, ______, in 1587.
• ______was a cousin of Elizabeth's and the next in line for the English throne.
• She was a committed Catholic, but ruled over a country (Scotland) that had become and still is Calvinist.
• Catholic extremists in England understood that Elizabeth could end the hopes of a Catholic revival in England, so they began to plot Elizabeth's______.
• Mary, for her part, feeling justified by the Pope's excommunication of Elizabeth, foolishly took part in several of these plots.
• Elizabeth eventually brought her to trial and condemned her to______.
• Elizabeth's greatest legacy was the spirit of compromise that infused her version of the Church of England. Anglicanism was formed.
• She managed to please Catholics by retaining several important aspects of Catholicism and also managed to please moderate Calvinists who wanted all traces of the Roman church to be removed.
• She effected this by allowing English Calvinists (called "Puritans" because the wanted to purify the church from all Roman influences) to participate in Parliament and to set up semiautonomous congregations that practiced Calvinist doctrine but still recognized the Queen as the head of the church.