Haydn N.G. Wadley

University Professor

Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Virginia

Education

B.Sc. Chemical Physics (First Class Honors): Univ. of Reading, UK1974

Ph.D. Physics:Univ. of Reading, UK1979

Employment History

University of Virginia,University Professor2002-Present

Edgar A. Starke Professor of Materials Science1997-Present

and Engineering

Senior Associate Dean for Research1995-2006

Professor of Materials Science1989-Present

NISTLeader, Advanced Sensors Group1982-1989

Atomic Energy Research

Establishment(Harwell)Senior Scientist1969-1983

Professional

Vice-Chair: National Academies Standing Committee on Defense Materials, 2016-

Manufacturing and Infrastructure

Member: National Academies Standing Committee on Defense Materials, 2012 -

Manufacturing and Infrastructure Committee

Member, National Academy Committee on Review of Adaptive Structural2012

Materials Research

Editorial Advisory Board, International Journal of Impact Engineering2011 -

Member, National AcademiesNational Materials and Manufacturing Board2010 -

Chair, Program Review Committee, Department Mechanical Engineering, 2006

UCSB, Santa Barbara

Chair, Defense Sciences Research Council2004-06

Shannon Center for Advanced Studies, University of Virginia2002-

Member, Board of Directors, Cellular Materials International2002-

Member, Board of Directors, Directed Vapor Technologies International2001-

Associate Chair, Defense Science Research Council 2002-04

Member, Defense Science Board Summer Study2001 -02

Member, National Reconnaissance Office Strategic Planning Group on2000

Alternative Futures: The Future of Sensing

President, CEO and Chair of the Board, University of Virginia Patent Foundation1997-01

Member, Defenses Sciences Research Council1996 -

Member, Board of Directors, University of Virginia Patent Foundation1995 - 13

Chairman, Materials Design and Manufacturing Division (TMS)1990-92

Secretary, Materials Design and Manufacturing Division (TMS)1988-90

Member, TMS Long Range Planning and International Affairs Committee1990-94

Chairman, TMS Process Control Committee1998 - 00

Member, National Research CouncilPanel on Materials Process Control1987

Member, DOE Panel on Physics of Fracture1986

Visiting Professor, University of Maryland1982

Visiting Scientist, National Institute of Standards and Technology1980- 81

Awards and Honors

• Robert W. Cahn Prize, 2015.

• UVA Distinguished Scientist Award, 2012

• UVA Edlich-Henderson Inventor of the Year, 2004

• Fellow American Materials Society, 1997

• TMS Extractive and Processing Technology Award, 1994

• US Department of Commerce Silver Metal, 1988

• Metals Society Award for Elegant Research, 1982

Memberships

TMS, ASEE, MRS, ASM, APS, American Vacuum Society

Public Service

Haydn Wadleyhas been a long serving (20-year) member and former chair of DARPA’s Defense Science Research Council (DSRC). The Council consisted of approximately 20 eminent scientists, engineers and physicians. It conducted in-depth studies across a diverse range of technical topics to identify areas of future importance to national security. He co-ledmany year-longDSRC investigationsincluding studies of Uninhabited Vehicles, Technology Tools for Reconstruction and Stabilization Operations, The Future of Asymmetric Warfare, Exploitation of Space, Integration of Opto-electronic Technologies with Textiles (electro-textiles), Multifunctional Materials, Compact Power Sources, Advanced Technologies for Jungle War Fighting, Mitigation of Blast Injury, Unconventional Countermeasures to IED’s, Interactions of Femtosecond Lasers with Materials, Materials by Design, Non-traditional Chemical Warfare Agent Countermeasures, Counter Ambush Technologies, The Future of Engines, Concepts for Compact Fusion Devices and most recently a study on Mesomaterials. He has also served on the Defense Science Boards 2000/2001 summerstudy helping to lead discussions on exoskeletons, and quantum computing. He is a member of the National Academies National Materials and Manufacturing Board, and the Vice Chair of its Defense Materials, Manufacturing and Infrastructure Committee. He has helped lead numerous workshops that have explored important technological challenges and opportunities for the Department of Defense. They include workshops on Ultra-strong Molecules, Nano-electronics and High Entropy Alloys, The 21-st Paradigm Change in Design and Performance Metrics, Globalization of Defense Materials and Manufacturing, Combat Vehicle Weight Reduction by Materials Substitution, Materials State Awareness, Limited Affordable Low-Volume Manufacturing, New and Novel Processes on the Verge of Industrial Modernization, and Materials and Manufacturing Sustainability.

Research Contributions

Haydn Wadley’s broad research interests have addressed the design and discovery of advanced materials for extreme environments and the development of innovative manufacturing processes for making them. He has worked in many fieldsof materials science including cellular materials, multilayered thin films,high temperature coatings, and advanced composites. He has made foundational contributions to synthetic cellular materials, focusing on cellular materials with lattice topologies made from high performance metals, polymers, and composites. These ultra-high specific strength materials have been used to create novelultralight structures that exhibit high compression and bending strengths. He has led large multi-national research teams to exploit these materials for high intensity dynamic load mitigation during explosive shock and ballistic impact loading. He also developed novel multifunctional cellular materials for highly efficient heat exchange and for thermal homogenization (via integrated heat pipe concepts). Many of his discoveries have been transitioned to DoD laboratories and to industry.

His interests in thin films and coatings led to the development of novel vapor phase processes, such as directed vapor and coaxial plasma deposition, for making coatings with combinations of very high thermal and delamination resistance. These vapor phase processes now permit the growth of coatings on complex shaped objects which could not previously be protected. Several companies have licensed these technologies from the university. He was an early advocate of the use of integrated computational materials science and engineering, and developed a wide variety of atomistic modeling techniques to first understand, and then design deposition processes such as biased target ion beam deposition that enable manipulation of the fundamental mechanisms by which the atoms in thin film structures self-assemble during vapor deposition. He discovered the mechanism responsible for surfactant-assisted assembly of transition metal thin film multilayer’s, and developed modulated low ion energy assistance methods for controlling the atomic scale structure of interfaces in multi-layers that exhibited giant magneto resistance.

In earlier work, he developed models for the densification of porous materials that were combined with novel insitu sensing concepts to measure and control consolidation processing. This, and related work on in-situ sensing of liquid-solid interfaces and internal temperature gradients during liquid phase processing, led to the emergence of real time process control technologies for materials processing. Prior to this, his research investigated and identified the micromechanical origins of acoustic emission in deforming metals and related the surface displacements of these micro-seismic events to the dynamics and orientation of dislocation slip and micro-fracture processes. He has published 473 papers in journals and conference proceedings, co-written a book on cellular materials and edited five conference proceedings. There have been over20,000 citations of his research work and his Google Scholar h-index is currently65.He has been awarded 28 US patents, and launched two companies from his University research group.

Teaching and Advising

Haydn Wadley teaches an undergraduate course on aerospace materials and in the past has lectured on nondestructive evaluation, smart materials/structures and nanoelectronics. He has advised and graduated 29 PhD and 21 MS students.

Personal

Haydn and his wife (Patience) live on a farm in Albemarle County (VA) where they raise, and his wife trains Hanoverian horses. Hobbies and pursuits include gardening, hiking and skiing.

Publications

  1. Indentation Response of a 3D Non-Woven Carbon-Fibre Composite, Satyajit Das, Karthikeyan Kandan, Sohrab Kazemahvazi, Haydn N.G. Wadley, Vikram Deshpande, J. Mater. Res., 33, p. 317-329, 2018.
  1. Impact of Granular Slugs on Rigid Targets: Effect of Grain Shape and Fracture, A. Goel, H.N.G. Wadley, V.S. Deshpande, European Journal of Mechanics/A Solids, 71, p. 64-76, 2018.
  1. Response of Square Honeycomb Core Sandwich Panels to Granular Matter Impact, Anne Kyner, Kumar Dharmasena, Keith Williams, Vikram Deshpande, Haydn Wadley, International Journal of Impact Engineering, 117, p. 13-31, 2018.
  1. High Intensity Impact of Granular Matter with Edge-Clamped Ductile Plates, Anne Kyner, Kumar Dharmasena, Keith Williams, Vikram Deshpande, Haydn N.G. Wadley, International Journal of Impact Engineering, 111, p. 106-129, 2018.
  1. Coupled Discrete/Continuum Simulations of the Impact of Granular Slugs with Clamped Beams: Stand-off Effects, A. Goel, T. Uth, T. Liu, H.N.G. Wadley, V.S. Deshpande, Mechanics of Materials, 116, 90-103, 2018.
  1. Penetration of Confined Ceramics Targets, S. Das, W. Ronan, H.N.G. Wadley, V.S. Desphande, Extreme Mechanics Letters, 18, p. 45-57, 2018.
  1. Compressive Response of a 3D Non-Woven Carbon-Fibre Composite, S. Das, K. Kandan, S. Kazemahvazi, H.N.G. Wadley, V.S. Deshpande, International Journal of Solids and Structures, 136-137, p. 137-149, 2018.
  1. Surface Instabilities in Shock Loaded Granular Media, K. Kandan, S.N. Khaderi, H.N.G. Wadley, V.S. Deshpande, Journal of Mechanics and Physics of Solids, 109, p. 217-240, 2017.
  1. Effect of Confinement on the Static and Dynamic Indentation Response of Model Ceramic and Cermet Materials, E.G. Pickering, M.R. O’Masta, H.N.G. Wadley, V.S. Deshpande, International Journal of Impact Engineering, 110, p. 123-137, 2017.
  2. Microstructure Characterization of Large TiC-Mo-Ni Cermet Tiles, Sean R. Agnew, Jasmine I. Keene, Liang Dong, Md Shamsujjoha, Mark R. O’Masta, International Journal of Refractory Metals and Hard Materials, 68, p. 84-95, 2017.
  1. Momentum Transfer During the Impact of Granular Matter with Inclined Sliding Surfaces, Anne Kyner, Vikram Deshpande, Haydn N.G. Wadley, Journal of Mechanics and Physics of Solids, 106, p. 283-312, 2017.
  1. High Intensity Impulsive Loading by Explosively Accelerated Granular Matter, Anne Kyner, Kumar Dharmasena, Keith Williams, Vikram Deshpande, Haydn Wadley, International Journal of Impact Engineering, 108, p. 229-251, 2017.
  1. Mechanical Metamaterials at the Theoretical Limit of Isotropic Elastic Stiffness, J.B. Berger, H.N.G. Wadley, V.S. Deshpande, International Journal of Impact Engineering, 105, p. 90-106, 2017.
  1. Effect of Surface Properties on Momentum Transfer to Targets Impacted by High-Velocity Sand Slugs, A. Goel, T. Uth, H.N.G. Wadley, V.S. Deshpande, International Journal of Impact Engineering, 103, p.90-106, 2017.
  1. Ni Bonded TiC Cermet Pyramidal Lattice Structures, Liang Dong, Sean Agnew, Haydn Wadley, Extreme Mechanics Letters, 10, p.2-14, 2017.
  1. The Fracture Toughness of Octet-Truss Lattices, M.R. O’Masta, L. Dong, L. St-Pierre, H.N.G. Wadley, V.S. Deshpande, Journal of the Mechanics and Physics of Solids, 98, p. 271-289, 2017.
  1. Mechanisms of the Penetration of Ultra-High Molecular Weight Polyethylene Composite Beams, J.P. Attwood, B.P. Russell, H.N.G. Wadley, V.S. Deshpande, International Journal of Impact Engineering, 93, p. 153-165, 2016.
  1. Confluent 3D-Assembly of Fibrous Structures, S. Kazemahvazi, N. Khokar, S. Hallstrom, H.N.G. Wadley, V.S. Deshpande, Composites Science and Technology, 127, p. 95-105, 2016.
  1. Response of Ytterbium Desilicate-Silicon Environmental Barrier Coatings to Thermal Cycling Water Vapor, Bradley T. Richards, Kelly A. Young, Foucault de Francqueville, Stephen Sehr, Matthew R. Begley, Haydn N.G. Wadley, Acta Materialia, 106, p. 1-14, 2016.
  1. Molten Silicate Reactions with Plasma Sprayed Ytterbium Silicate Coatings, Hengbei Zhao, Bradley T. Richards, Carlos G. Levi, Haydn N.G. Wadley, Surface and Coatings Technology, 288, 151-162, 2016.
  1. Shear Response of Carbon Fiber Composite Octet-Truss Lattice Structures, Liang Dong, Haydn Wadley, Composites Part A, 81, p. 182-192, 2016.
  1. Fracture Mechanisms of Ytterbium Monosilicate Environmental Barrier Coatings During Cyclic Thermal Exposure, Bradley Richards, Stephen Sehr, Foucault de Francqueville, Matthew Begley, Haydn Wadley, Acta Materialia, 103, p. 448-460, 2016.
  1. Indentation of Polyethylene Laminates by a Flat-Bottomed Cylindrical Punch, M.R. O’Masta, D.H. Crayton, V.S. Deshpande, H.N.G. Wadley, Composites Part A, 80, p. 138-147, 2016.
  1. Strong Cellular Lattices with Nitro-Carburized Stainless Steel Hollow Trusses, Liang Dong, Arthur Heuer, Harold Kahn, Zhen Li, Vikram Deshpande, Haydn Wadley, International Journal of Materials Research, International Journal of Materials Research: Vol. 107, No. 1, p. 57-77, 2016
  1. Vapor Deposition on Doublet Airfoil Substrates: Control of Coating Thickness and Microstructure, Theron M. Rodgers, Hengbei Zhao, and Haydn N.G. Wadley, Journal of Vacuum Science and Technology A, 33, p. 061518, 2015.
  1. Mechanical Properties of Carbon Fiber Composite Octet-Truss Lattice Structures, Liang Dong, Haydn Wadley, Composites and Science Technology, 119, p.26-33, 2015
  1. Structure, Composition and Defect Control during Plasma Spray Deposition of Ytterbium Silicate Coatings, Bradley Richards, Hengbei Zhao, Haydn Wadley, Journal of Materials Science, DOI: 10.1007/s10853-015-9358-5, 2015.
  1. Vapor Deposition on Doublet Airfoil Substrates: Control of Coating Thickness and Microstructure, Theron M. Rodgers, Hengbei Zhao, Haydn N.G. Wadley, JVST A, 33, p. 061509-1-18, 2015.
  1. Mechanisms of Penetration in Polyethylene Reinforced Cross-Ply Laminates, M.R. O’Masta, D.H. Crayton, V.S. Deshpande, H.N.G. Wadley, International Journal of Impact Engineering, 86, p. 249-264, 2015.
  2. Ballistic Impact Response of an UHMWPE Fiber Reinforced Laminate Encasing an Aluminum-Alumina Hybrid Panel, M.R. O’Masta, B.G. Compton, E.A. Gamble, F.W. Zok, V.S. Deshpande, H.N.G. Wadley, International Journal of Impact Engineering, 86, p. 131-144, 2015
  3. Mechanisms of Ytterbium Monosilicate/Mullite/Silicon Coating Failure During Thermal Cycling in Water Vapor, Bradley T. Richards, Matthew R. Begley, Haydn N.G. Wadley, Journal of American Ceramic Society, DOI:10.1111/jace 13792, p. 1-10, 2015.
  4. The Compressive Response of Ultra-high Molecular Weight Polyethylene Fibres and Composites, J.P. Attwood, N.A. Fleck, H.N.G. Wadley, V.S. Deshpande, International Journal of Solids and Structures, 71, 141-155, 2015.
  5. Mechanical Properties of Air Plasma Sprayed Environmental Barrier Coating (EBC) Materials, Bradley T. Richards, Dongming Zhu, Louis J. Goshn, Haydn N.G. Wadley, International Conference and Expo on Advanced Ceramics and Composites; 39th; 25-30 Jan. 2015; Daytona Beach, FL, 2015
  6. Microstructure of Vapor Deposited Coatings on Curved Substrates, Theron M. Rodgers, Hengbei Zhao, Haydn N.G. Wadley, Journal of Vacuum Science and Technology A, 33, p.05E118, 2015.
  7. Impulse Transfer During Sand Impact with a Cellular Structure, Ryan L. Holloman, Vikram Deshpande, Haydn N.G. Wadley, International Journal of Impact Engineering, 82, 36-58, 2015.
  8. Mechanical Response of Ti-6A1-4V Octet-Truss Lattice Structures, Liang Dong, Vikram Deshpande, Haydn Wadley, International Journal of Solids and Structures, 60-61, p. 107-124, 2015.
  9. The Effect of Inclination and Stand-off on the Dynamic Response of Beams Impacted by Slugs of a Granular Material, T. Uth, H.N.G. Wadley, V.S. Deshpande, International Journal of Solids and Structures, 56-57, p. 154-174, 2015.
  10. Three Dimensionally Woven Glass Fiber Composite Struts: Characterization and Mechanical Response in Tensions and Compression, Adam J. Malcom, Mark T. Aronson, Haydn N.G. Wadley, Journal of Composite Materials, DOI: 10.1177/0021998315569751, p. 1-19, 2015.
  11. Impulse Transfer During Sand Impact with a Solid Block, Ryan L. Holloman, Vikram Deshpande, Haydn N.G. Wadley, International Journal of Impact Engineering, 75, p. 98-117, 2015.
  12. Defect Controlled Transverse Compressive Strength of Polyethylene Fiber Laminates, M.R. O’Masta, V.s. Deshpande, H.N.G. Wadley, International Journal of Solids and Structures, 5, p. 130-149, 2015.
  13. Mechanisms of Projectile Penetration in Dyneema Encapsulated Aluminum Structures, M.R. O’Masta, V.S. Deshpande, and H.N.G. Wadley, International Journal of Impact Engineering, 74, p. 16-35, 2014.
  14. The Out-of-Plane Compressive Response of Dyneema Composites, J.P. Attwood, S.N. Khaderi, K. Karthikeyan, N.A. Fleck, M.R. O’Masta, H.N.G. Wadley, V.S. Deshpande, Journal of the Mechanics and Physics of Solids, 70, p. 200-226, 2014.
  15. Hybrid Carbon Fiber Composite Lattice Truss Structures, T. George, V.S. Deshpande, H.N.G. Wadley, Composites Part A, 65, p. 135-147, 2014.
  16. Dynamic Compression of Square Tube Cellular Structures, Ryan L. Holloman, Karthikeyan Kandan, Vikram Deshpande, Haydn N.G. Wadley, Journal of Mechanics of Materials and Structures, 9, p. 149-182, 2014.
  17. Plasma Spray Deposition of Tri-Layer Environmental Barrier Coatings, Bradley T. Richards, Haydn N.G. Wadley, Journal of European Ceramic Society, 34, p. 3069-3083, 2014.
  18. Molten Silicate Interactions with Thermal Barrier Coatings, Hengbei Zhao, Carlos G. Levi, Haydn N.G. Wadley, Surface and Coatings Technology, 251, p. 74-86, 2014.
  19. Hybrid Core Carbon Fiber Composite Sandwich Panels: Fabrication and Mechanical Response, Tochukwu George, Vikram S. Deshpande, Keith Sharp, Haydn N.G. Wadley, Composite Structures, 108, p. 696-710, 2014.
  20. Dynamic Compression of Foam Supported Plates Impacted by High Velocity Soil, T. Liu, H.N.G. Wadley, V.S. Deshpande, International Journal of Impact Engineering, 63, p. 88-105, 2014.
  21. Thermal Barrier Coating Deposition by Rarefied Gas Jet Assisted Processes: Simulations of Deposition on a Stationary Airfoil, Theron M. Rodgers, Hengbei Zhao, Haydn N.G. Wadley, Journal of Vacuum Science and Technology A, 31, p. 061509 1-14, 2013.
  22. Sand Column Impact onto a Kolsky Pressure Bar, S. Park, T. Uth, N.A. Fleck, H.N.G. Wadley, V.S. Deshpande, International Journal of Impact Engineering, 62, p. 229-242, 2013.
  23. Compressive Response of Glass Fiber Composite Sandwich Structures, A.J. Malcom, M.T. Aronson, V.S. Deshpande, H.N.G. Wadley, Composites: Part A, 54, p. 88-97, 2013.
  24. The Dynamic Response of Edge Clamped Plates Loaded by Spherically Expanding Sand Shells, Kumar P. Dharmasena, Haydn N.G. Wadley, Tao Liu, Vikram S. Deshpande, International Journal of Impact Engineering, 62, p. 182-195, 2013.
  25. Impact Response of Aluminum Corrugated Core Sandwich Panels, H.N.G. Wadley, K.P. Dharmasena, M.R. O'Masta, J.J. Wetzel, International Journal of Impact Engineering, 62, p. 114-128, 2013.
  26. Effect of Core Topology on Projectile Penetration in Hybrid Aluminum/Alumina Sandwich Structures, H.N.G. Wadley, M.R. O'Masta, K.P. Dharmasena, B.G. Compton, E.A. Gamble, F.W. Zok, International Journal of Impact Engineering, 62, p. 99-113, 2013.
  27. The Effect of Shear Strength on the Ballistic Response of Laminated Composite Plates, K. Karthikeyan, B.P. Russell, N.A. Fleck, H.N.G. Wadley, V.S. Deshpande, European Journal of Mechanics A/Solids, 42, p. 35-53, 2013.
  28. The Soft Impact Response of Composite Laminate Beams, K. Karthikeyan, B.P. Russell, N.A. Fleck, M. O'Masta, H.N.G. Wadley, V.S. Deshpande, International Journal of Impact Engineering, 60, p. 24-36, 2013.
  29. The Impact of Sand Slugs Against Beams and Plates: Coupled Discrete Particle/Finite Element Simulations, T. Liu, N.A. Fleck, H.N.G. Wadley, V.S. Deshpande, Journal of the Mechanics and Physics of Solids, 61, p. 1798-1821, 2013.
  30. Integrated Development of Vapor Deposition for Non-line-of-sight Substrates, Theron M. Rodgers, Hengbei Zhao, Haydn N.G. Wadley, 53rd Annual Structural Dynamics and Materials Conference, April 23-26, 2012, Honolulu, HI, AIAA 2012-1490, 2013.
  31. Tubular Aluminum Cellular Structures: Fabrication and Mechanical Response, Ryan L. Holloman, Vikram Deshpande, Arve G. Hanssen, Katherine M. Fleming, John R. Scully, Haydn N.G. Wadley, Journal of Mechanics of Materials and Structures, 8, p. 65-94, 2013.
  32. Mechanical Response of Carbon Fiber Composite Sandwich Panels with Pyramidal Truss Cores, Tochukwu George, Vikram S. Deshpande, Haydn N.G. Wadley, Composites: Part A, 47, p. 31-40, 2013.
  33. Deformation and Fracture of Impulsively Loaded Sandwich Panels, H.N.G. Wadley, T. Borvik, L. Olovsson, J.J. Wetzel, K.P. Dharmasena, O.S. Hopperstad, V.S. Deshpande, J.W. Hutchinson, Journal of the Mechanics and Physics of Solids, 61, p. 674-699, 2013.
  34. Discrete Element Calculations of the Impact of a Sand Column Against Rigid Structures, S.M. Pingle, N.A. Fleck, H.N.G. Wadley, V.S. Deshpande, International Journal of Impact Engineering, 45, p. 74-89, 2012.
  35. Delamination Resistance of Thermal Barrier Coatings Containing Embedded Ductile Layers, Matthew R. Begley and Haydn N.G. Wadley, Acta Materialia, 60, p. 2497-2508, 2012.
  36. Collapse Mechanism Maps for the Hollow Pyramidal Core of a Sandwich Panel Under Transverse Shear, S.M. Pingle, N.A. Fleck, V.S. Deshpande, H.N.G. Wadley, International Journal of Solids and Structures, 48, p. 3417-3430, 2011.
  37. Wet-Sand Impulse Loading of Metallic Plates and Corrugated Core Sandwich Panels, J.J. Rimoli, B. Talamini, J.J. Wetzel, K.P. Dharmasena, R. Radovitzky, H.N.G. Wadley, International Journal of Impact Engineering, 38, p. 837-848, 2011.
  38. Reaction, Transformation and Delamination of Samarium Zirconate Thermal Barrier Coatings, Hengbei Zhao, Matthew R. Begley, Arthur Heuer, Reza Sharghi-Moshtaghin, Haydn N.G. Wadley, Surface and Coatings Technology, 205, p. 4355-4365, 2011.
  39. A Discrete Particle Approach to Simulate the Combined Effect of Blast and Sand Impact Loading of Steel Plates, T. Borvik, L. Olovsson, A.G. Hanssen, K.P. Dharmasena, H. Hansson, H.N.G. Wadley, Journal of the Mechanics and Physics of Solids, 59, p. 940-958, 2011.
  40. Explorations of Hybrid Sandwich Panel Concepts for Projectile Impact Mitigation, Christian J. Yungwirth, John O'Connor, Alan Zakraysek, Vikram S. Deshpande, Haydn N.G.Wadley, Journal of American Ceramic Society, 94, p.