Groundwater and Climate in Africa
Edited by Richard Taylor, Callist Tindimugaya, Michael Owor & Mohammad Shamsudduha
IAHS Publ. 334 (2009) ISBN 978-1-907161-05-6, 276 + xii pp. Price £65.00
Current assessments of the impacts of climate variability and change on water resources commonly exclude groundwater. This omission is of particular concern in Africa where current water usage and future adaptations in response to climate variability and change, together with population growth, place considerable reliance upon groundwater to meet domestic, agricultural and industrial water needs. The Groundwater and Climate in Africa conference, held in Kampala, Uganda, in June 2008, was the first such conference in Africa, and one of the first globally to focus on the interactions between groundwater and climate variability and change.This collection of papers selected from the conference includes the Kampala Statement, and addresses five themes:
· Impact of climate variability and change on groundwater-based livelihoods
· Impact of climate variability and change on groundwater and groundwater-fed ecosystems
· Monitoring and modelling groundwater use and replenishment
· Estimation of groundwater resources and demand under a changing climate
· Groundwater management in Africa /
Contents
Preface by Richard Taylor, Callist Tindimugaya, Michael Owor & Mohammad Shamsudduha
/ vGroundwater and Climate in Africa – The Kampala Statement
/ vii1 / Impact of Climate Variability and Change on Groundwater-Based Livelihoods
Groundwater resources assessment under the pressures of humanity and climate change (GRAPHIC) M. Taniguchi, A. Aureli, J. L. Martin & H. Treidel / 3
Water supply provision for poverty alleviation in rural areas of Zambia
D. C. W. Nkhuwa / 9
Increased risk of diarrhoeal diseases from climate change: evidence from urban communities supplied by groundwater in Uganda R. Taylor, M. Miret-Gaspa,
J. Tumwine, L. Mileham, R. Flynn, G. Howard & R. Kulabako / 15
The influence of hydrochemistry on the distribution of pathogenic strains of Escherichia coli in urban groundwater of Yaoundé, Cameroon M. E. Nougang, M. Nola, T. Njine, S. H. Zebaze Togouet, M. Djaouda & M. Djah / 20
Groundwater quality monitoring in collaboration with rural communities in Bénin Stephen Silliman, Pamela Crane, Moussa Boukari, Nicaise Yalo,
Felix Azonsi & Flavien Glidja / 27
Chemical quality of groundwater drawn from boreholes in the Ashanti region of Ghana M. A. Nkansah & J. H. Ephraim / 36
Reliability of interview data for monitoring and mapping groundwater
D. R. Lightfoot, N. Mavlyanov, D. Begimkulov & J. C. Comer / 40
2 / Impact of Climate Variability and Change on Groundwater and Groundwater-Fed Ecosystems
Climate variability and change in Africa: a review of potential impacts on terrestrial water resources Ogallo Laban / 47
Variations in intensity of the westerly monsoon-like flow from the tropical Atlantic and summer rainfall over equatorial and tropical southern Africa
N. Vigaud, M. Rouault, Y. Richard & N. Fauchereau / 52
Groundwater–surface water interactions and the ecohydrology of arid regions: evidence from the Tafilalt Oasis of southern Morocco Mohamed Messouli,
Asma El Alami El Filali, Bahia Ghallabi, Saloua Rochdane,
Abdelkrim Ben Salem & Fatima Ezzahra Hammadi / 61
Monitoring groundwater–surface water interactions in the Upper Nile Basin of Uganda M. Owor, R. Taylor, J. Thompson, C. Mukwaya & C. Tindimugaya / 68
An isotopic study of surface water and groundwater in a semi-arid environment: Souss-Massa basin in SW Morocco L. Bouchaou, T. Tagma, Y. Hsissou,
M. Ikenne, S. Boutaleb, L. Bouragba, J. Mudry & J. L. Michelot / 76
Seasonal variability in groundwater resources available to rural communities in western Kenya Gelas Simiyu, Tom Esipila & Donald Dick Adams / 82
Modelling freshwater availability in Africa: projected changes in groundwater recharge Jürgen Schuol, Karim C. Abbaspour & Hong Yang / 88
Impact of a groundwater reservoir on simulated extreme hydroclimatic conditions: case study from the United States Richard O. Anyah / 94
3 / Monitoring and modelling groundwater use and replenishment
Monitoring groundwater resources in Sub-Saharan Africa: issues and challenges S. M. A. Adelana / 103
The global groundwater monitoring network in Africa: an introduction and invitation N. Kukuric & M. T. H. Van Vliet / 114
Design of an issue-based groundwater monitoring network in Uganda
D. Mwesigwa & C. Tindimugaya / 119
Groundwater recharge mechanisms and water management in the coastal sedimentary basin of Benin H. S. V. Totin, M. Boko & M. Boukari / 127
Impacte des changements climatique sur le renouvellement des ressources en eau souterraines: Cas du Bassin Hydrographique Chéliff-Zahrez / Impact of climate change on groundwater recharge in the Chéliff-Zahrez Basin of Algeria
M. Meddi & A. Boucefiane / 135
Application of a semi-distributed SWAT model to estimate groundwater recharge in the Lake Kyoga basin of Uganda M. Kigobe / 143
Climate change impacts on groundwater recharge in semi-arid Uganda and the role of groundwater in livelihood adaptation and peacebuilding J. Gavigan,
R. Mackay & M. O. Cuthbert / 153
4 / Estimation of groundwater resources and demand under a changing climate
Impacts of climate change on groundwater recharge and salinization of groundwater resources in Senegal S. Faye, M. Diaw, S. Ndoye, R. Malou &
A. Faye / 163
The impact of climate change on groundwater recharge: a case study from the Ethiopian Rift T. A. Abiye, D. Legesse & H. Abate / 174
Climate variability and its impact on groundwater recharge to the Table Mountain Group aquifers in South Africa Anthony A. Duah & Yongxin Xu / 181
Impacts du changement et de la variabilité climatiques sur les eaux souterraines en zone tropicale humide: Cas de la Côte d’Ivoire / Impact of climate change and variability on groundwater resources in humid tropical areas: a case study from the Ivory Coast B. T. A. Goula, F. W. Kouassi, V. Fadika, K. E. Kouakou,
G. B. Kouadio, K. Koffi, K. Bamory, D. Inza & I. Savane / 190
Staged development of a model to evaluate climate change impacts on groundwater in Benin Antoine Kocher & Barbara Reichert / 203
Quantifying the impact of climate change on groundwater recharge to fractured-rock aquifers: a case study from Canada E. K. Appiah-Adjei & D. M. Allen / 210
5 / Groundwater management in Africa under variable climates
Urban water-supply security – making the best use of groundwater to meet the demands of expanding population under climate change Stephen Foster / 221
Episodic recharge to the Quelo-Luanda aquifer in Angola: anticipating the impacts of climate change G. L. Miguel, L. F. Rebollo & M. Martín-Loeches / 229
Carbon-14, Chlorine-36 and noble gases in deep groundwaters from northeastern Sahara (Algeria): palaeoclimatic implications A. Guendouz, A. S. Moulla &
J. L. Michelot / 234
Development of groundwater resources to adapt to climate variability in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania Praxeda Kalugendo / 241
Recent improvements in the conceptual model of hard rock aquifers and its application to the survey, management, modelling and protection of groundwater P. Lachassagne, Sh. Ahmed, B. Dewandel, N. Courtois, J. C. Maréchal, J. Perrin & R. Wyns / 250
Trade-off analysis between economic development and climate change adaptation strategies for River Nile Basin water resources E. M. Fathelrahman,
J. C. Ascough, T. R. Green, M. H. Babiker & K. M. Strzepek / 257
Key word index / 271
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Groundwater and Climate in Africa (Proceedings of the Kampala Conference, June 2008) IAHS Publ. 334, 2009, 3-8.
Groundwater resources assessment under the pressures of humanity and climate change (GRAPHIC)
M. TANIGUCHI1, A. AURELI2, J. L. MARTIN2 & H. Treidel2
1 Research Institute for Humanity and Nature, Kyoto, Japan
2 UNESCO-IHP, Paris, France
Abstract UNESCO-IHP initiated the project “Groundwater Resources Assessment under the Pressures of Humanity and Climate Change (GRAPHIC)”. The project promotes and advances sustainable groundwater management in the face of climate change and linked human effects. GRAPHIC provides a platform for exchange of information through case studies, thematic working groups, scientific research, and communication. In this paper, the vision, aims, structure, theme, and methods of the GRAPHIC are shown. Two case studies in Tokyo and the use of satellite GRACE data are introduced. There are urgent and ongoing needs to address the expected coupled effects of human activities and climate change on global groundwater resources in Africa and many other areas of the globe.
Key words groundwater resources; climate change; human activities
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Groundwater and Climate in Africa (Proceedings of the Kampala Conference, June 2008) IAHS Publ. 334, 2009, 9-14.
Water supply provision for poverty alleviation in rural areas of Zambia
D. C. W. NKHUWA
School of the Built Environment, Copperbelt University, PO Box 21692, Jambo Drive, Riverside, Kitwe, Zambia
;
Abstract Zambia has invested substantially in rural water supply since the early 1970s, but the actual number of people effectively provided with safe drinking water remains very low. It is estimated that only 37% of the population had access to safe water supply in 2000, a deprivation that has characterised and entrenched poverty in Zambia’s rural areas. Attempts to alleviate this poverty require a policy that favours a shift in emphasis from provision of safe water supplies to that encompassing productive water. The latter enables families to increase income and reduce costs of healthcare services for water-related illnesses. Gains in income generation will further enable communities to take care of their safe water needs, addressing the systematic challenge of sustainability in the delivery of rural water supply programmes. Under such favourable conditions rural communities can enjoy a life of quality and dignity.
Key words appropriate rural water supply; productive water; income generation; poverty alleviation; sustainability; Zambia
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Groundwater and Climate in Africa (Proceedings of the Kampala Conference, June 2008) IAHS Publ. 334, 2009, 15-19.
Increased risk of diarrhoeal diseases from climate change: evidence from urban communities supplied by groundwater in Uganda
R. TAYLOR1, M. MIRET-GASPA2, J. TUMWINE3, L. MILEHAM1, R. FLYNN2,4, G. HOWARD5 & R. KULABAKO6
1 Department of Geography, University College London, London, UK
2 Centre for Hydrogeology, Université de Neuchâtel, Switzerland
3 Medical School, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda
4 School of Planning, Architecture and Civil Engineering, Queen’s University, Belfast, UK
5 Climate Change Group, Department for International Development, East Kilbride, UK
6 Department of Civil Engineering, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda
Abstract Faecal-oral transmission of pathogenic microorganisms is widespread in rapidly urbanising areas of sub-Saharan Africa where access to adequate sanitation is limited and there is a range of contaminant pathways between faecal sources and the consumption of household water derived from groundwater. High-frequency sampling of a protected spring in Kampala, Uganda, reveals gross but ephemeral contamination by thermotolerant (faecal) bacteria in response to heavy rainfall events (>10 mm·day-1) during the rainy season. At this time, the incidence of diarrhoeal diseases is observed to increase substantially. Dynamical downscaling of climate projections from the HadCM3 general circulation model (SRES A2 forcing scenario) indicates a rise in the frequency of heavy rainfall events over the 20th century in Uganda. Climate change is, therefore, expected to increase the risk of diarrhoeal diseases in Kampala and similar environments. Significant correlations between sanitary risk scores and bacteriological contamination of groundwater-fed sources in Kampala highlight the critical role of improved community hygiene in reducing this risk.
Key words groundwater; diarrhoea; climate change; hygiene; urban
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Groundwater and Climate in Africa (Proceedings of the Kampala Conference, June 2008) IAHS Publ. 334, 2009, 20-26.
The influence of hydrochemistry on the distribution of pathogenic strains of Escherichia coli in urban groundwater of Yaoundé, Cameroon
M. E. NOUGANG, M. NOLA, T. NJINE, S. H. ZEBAZE TOGOUET, M. DJAOUDA & M. DJAH
University of Yaoundé I, Laboratory of General Biology, PO Box 812 Yaoundé, Cameroon
Abstract Bacteriological and hydrochemical studies of 10 springs, 4 wells and 13 surface waters in Yaoundé (Cameroon) were conducted to assess the influence of hydrochemistry on the abundance of pathogenic strains of Escherichia coli. Microbiological analyses were carried out by membrane filtration; physico-chemical analyses used standard analytical techniques. The concentration of thermotolerant coliforms, E.coli and pathogenic E.coli exhibit spatial and temporal fluctuations. The relationship between abundances of these microorganisms and physico-chemical factors such as temperature, electrical conductivity or pH, are weak and variable. The distribution of these bacteria in these aquatic environments depends upon a range of environmental parameters. The presence of the pathogenic strains in groundwater and surface water fed water points exposes users to short-term health risks for which basic precautions like boiling must be considered.
Key words Yaoundé, Cameroon; E.coli; hydrochemistry; streams; springs; groundwater
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Groundwater and Climate in Africa (Proceedings of the Kampala Conference, June 2008) IAHS Publ. 334, 2009, 27-35.
Groundwater quality monitoring in collaboration with rural communities in Bénin
STEPHEN Silliman1, PAMELA Crane1, MOUSSA Boukari2, Nicaise Yalo2, FELIX Azonsi3 & FLAVIEN Glidja4
1 Department of Civil Engineering and Geological Sciences, 156 Fitzpatrick Hall, University of Notre Dame, Indiana, USA
2 Université d’Abomey-Calavi, Cotonou, Bénin
3 Direction de l’Hydraulique, Cotonou, Bénin
4 Centre Afrika Obota, Cotonou, Bénin
Abstract We relate experiences in developing regional and local water-quality data sets in Bénin through collaborations with multiple participants, including rural communities impacted by the studies. Spatial sampling was performed regionally, allowing geostatistical analysis at the scale of hundreds of kilometres. Local (temporal) sampling was completed by teams from the local population trained to measure nitrate and associated parameters using test strips and colorimetry. Local sampling enabled collection of reliable, weekly data over a period of more than three years. Key obstacles to effective monitoring at this scale included communication, logistics, and reliability of field equipment. Results illustrate that collaboration among diverse participants can result in collection of high-value, water-quality data. We especially demonstrate the efficacy of relying on a local population with minimal formal education to collect reliable, high-frequency, time-series data on water quality over multiple years.
Key words groundwater quality; sampling; Benin; Africa; local populations; collaboration
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