Grm 2102 Statistical Analysis in Geography

GRM 2102 STATISTICAL ANALYSIS IN GEOGRAPHY

2009-2010Semester One

Lecturer: Prof. Yee Leung ()SB 2372609 6473

Tutors:Mr. Zhou Yu() FYB 221A26961025

Lecture Venue:ELB LT2 (H3-4)

Course Materials: [Course Outline]

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Theme

This course emphasizes fundamental concepts of statistical methods which are applicable to geographic analysis. Topics covered include elementary probability theory, descriptive statistics, hypothesis testing, correlation analysis, simple and multiple regression analysis.

Outline

I.General Background

Developments of Quantitative Analysis in Geography

Ideas of Probability and Statistics

Applications of Probability and Statistics in Geographical Research

II.Geographic Data and Description

Geographic Data

Describing Geographic Data

III.Probability Distribution

Probability Density Function and Mass Function

Normal Probability Law

IV.Concepts of Sampling

V.Descriptive and Inferential Statistics

Sample mean

Sample variance

VI.Testing of Hypotheses

Probability Arguments of Hypothesis Testing

Significance Test of Model Parameters and Linear Hypothesis

VII.Simple Correlation and Regression

Concepts and Estimations of Simple Correlation

Concepts and Estimations of Simple Regression

VIII.Multiple Regression

Concepts of Multivariate Statistics

Concepts and Estimations of Multiple Regression

Expected Learning Outcome

After taking this course, students are expected to be able to (a) understand the basic concepts in simple statistics that are useful to geographical data analysis, (b) set up the framework for hypothesis testing with respect to the population mean and difference of population means, (c) employ probability distributions, particularly the normal distribution to describe data and test hypotheses, (d) test simple geographical relationships through the concepts of simple correlation and simple regression.

Learning Activities

There will be lectures, tutorials and homeworks in this course. Lectures emphasize concepts, computational methods, and illustrations. Tutorials focus on discussion of assigned readings and materials complementing or substantiating the lectures. Homeworks involve essentially computational exercises designed to strengthen the understanding of concepts and data analysis methods. WebCT will be used to facilitate the dissemination of teaching and learning materials as well as course management.

Assessment

Homework / Tutorial / Mid-term Exam / Final Exam
10 % / 10 % / 30 % / 50 %

Feedback for evaluation

In order to improve the teaching and learning quality for this course, the following feedback mechanisms are implemented.

Feedback / To whom / Where / When
Qualitative feedback from students / Tutors and/or teacher through informal interaction / During lecture and outside class / Throughout the term
Course evaluation / Teacher and department / Lecture room / End of the term
Visiting examiner report / University, department and teacher / Overseas / End of the term
Reflection of teacher (including evidence from assessment) / Teacher and tutors / All learning activities / Throughout the term
Curriculum review / Related teachers and Curriculum & Teaching Committee / Department / End of the term

General References

Barbar, G.M. Elementary Statistics for Geographers. N.Y.: Guilford, 1988.

Burt, J.E. and Barber, G.M. Elementary Statistics for Geographers. N.Y.: Guilford, 1996.

Chao, L.L., Statistics, Methods and Analyses.Tokyo; McGraw-Hill, 1974.

Clark, W.A.V. & P.L. Hosking, Statistical Methods for Geographers.Singapore: Johny Wiley & Sons, 1986.

Clelland, R.C., J.S. deCani, & F.E. Brown, Basic Statistics with Business Applications. N.Y.: John Wiley & Sons, 1973.

Daniel, W.W., Applied Nonparametric Statistics.Boston: Houghton, 1978.

Draper, N.R., and H. Smith, Applied Regression Analysis. N.Y.: John Wiley, 1966.

Dixon, C. &B. Leach. Sampling Methods for Geographical Research. CATMOG, No. 17.

Ferguson, R., Linear Regression in Geography. CATMOG, No. 15.

Hammond, R. & P.S. McCullagh, Quantitative Techniques in Geography.London.

Johnston, R.J., Multivariate Statistical Analysis in Geography.London: Longman, 1978.

King, L.J., Statistical Analysis in Geography. N.J.: Prentice-Hall, 1969.

Larson, H.J., Introduction to Probability Theory and Statistical Inference. N.Y.: John Wiley, 1974.

Maxwell, A.E., Multivariate Analysis in Behavioral Research.London: Chapman and Hall, 1977.

Mendenhall, W., Introduction to Probability and Statistics. Mass.: Duxburg, 1979.

Spiegel, M.R. Theory and Problems of Probability and Statistics. Schaum’s Outline Series. Singapore: McGraw Hill, 1980.

Williams, R.B.G. Introduction to Statistics for Geographers and Earth Scientists.London: Macmillan, 1986.

Specific References:

Key:R=referenceT=tutorialA=applicationM=methodology

Introduction and History

RBarber, G.M. Elementary Statistics for Geographers. N.Y.: Guilford, 1988.(Ch.1)

RCarrison, W.L., “Applicability of Statistical Inferences to Geographical Research” Geographical Review, 46, pp. 427-29, 1956.

ALo, C.P., “Some Aspects of Statistical Geography, “ The Geography Bulletin, No. 8. pp.

R7-12, 1967.

R樓恩德, 『統計方法與地理學』The Geography Bulletin, No.12, pp. 64-73, 1971.

Geographic Data and Description

RBurt, James E. and Barber, Gerald M., 1996. Elementary Statistics for Geographers, Section 1.3, 1.4, 2.1-2.3. New York: The Guilford Press. (G70.3. B.37 1996)

McGrew J.C. and Monroe C.B., 1993. An Introduction to Statistical Problem Solving in Geography, Section 3.1 & 3.2 Dubuque: Wm.C. Brown Publishers (G70.3 M4 1993)

RShaw G. and Wheeler D, 1994, Statistical Techniques in Geographical Analysis, 2nd e.d., ch. 3, 4.5-4.7. London; David Fulton Publishers (G70.3 S52 1994)

Probability

RClelland, R.C., J.S. de Cani & F.E. Brown., Basic Statistics with Business Applications.New York: John Wiley & Sons. (esp. Ch. 1,3) (HA29 C63 1973)

RChao, L.L., Statistics: Methods and Analyses. Tokyo: McGraw-Hill. (exp. Ch.0,2) (HA29 C5425 1974)

RBurt, James E. Barber, Gerald M., 1996, Elementary Statistics for Geographers, ch. 5. New York: The Guilford Press. (G70.3 B37 1996)

RShaw G. and Wheeler D. 1994, Statistical Techniques in Geographical Analysis, 2nd ed., Section 5.2, 5.3, 5.4. London: David Fulton Publishers (G70.3 S52 1994)

Describing Spatial Distributions

RAbler R., Adams J.S. and Gould P. 1971, Spatial Organization: the Geographer’s View of the World, Englewood Cliffs, N.J.: Prentice hall (G112.A25)

RBurt, James E. and Barber, Gerlad M., 1996, Elementary Statistics for Geographers, Section 3.1, 3.2, 3.4. New York: The Guilford Press. (G70.3.B37 1996)

TChakravorty, Sanjoy, 1996, A measurement of spatial disparity: the case of

Aincome inequality, Urban Studies, 33, 1671-86 (HT 103.U7)

RNeft D, 1966, Statistical Analysis for Areal Distributions, Philadelphia: Regional Science Research Institute (G74.N45)

TPlane, David A, 1997, Measuring spatial focusing in a migration system, Demography, 34, A251-62 (HB881.A1D53)

RShaw G. and Wheeler D, 1994, Statistical Techniques in Geographical Analysis, 2nd Ed, Section 13.1-13.6. London: David Fulton Publishers (G70.3 S52 1994)

MWong, David W.S., 1997, Spatial dependency of segregation indices, The Canadian Geographer, 41, 128-36 (G1.C288)

Sampling

RBarber, G.M., Elementary Statistics for Geographers. N.Y.: Guilford, 1988. (Ch.6)

Testing of Hypothesis

RBarber, G.M., Elementary Statistics for Geographers. N.Y.: Guilford, 1988. (Ch.7,8,9, pp.289-303)

RChao, L.L., Statistics: Methods and Analyses. Tokyo: McGraw-Hill. Ch.9, 14. (HA29 C5425, 1974)

RClark, W.A.V. & P.L. Hosking. Statistical Methods for Geographers. Singapore: John Wiley & Sons, Ch.7, “ Statistical Inference: Interval Estimation & Hypothesis Testing.” pp. 219-248, Ch.8.1, “Testing Differences of Summary Measures.” pp.249-261, 1986.

RLarson, H.J., Introduction to Probability Theory and Statistical Inference. N.Y.:John

MWiley, Ch.10 (QA 273 L352, 1974).

MWilliams, R.B.G., Introduction to Statistics for Geographers and Earth Scientists. London: Macmillan, Ch. 11-15, p.123-217, 1986). (G70.3W54)

Correlation and Regression

RBarber, G.M., Elementary Statistics for Geographers. N.Y.: Guilford, 1988. (Ch.11, pp.367-377; Ch.12)

RFerguson, R., Linear Regression in Geography. CATMOG 15, 1977. (G70.23F47)

RClark, W.A.V. & P.L. Hosking, Statistical Methods for Geographers. Singapore: John Wiley & Sons, Ch.9.2, “The Simple Linear Regression”, pp. 291-331,1986.

TAlexander, J.W., and J.B.Lindberg. “Measurements of Manufacturing: Coefficients of Correlation,” Journal of Regional Science, 3(1), pp. 71-81, 1961.

TKnos, D.S., “The Distribution of Land Values in Topeka, Kansas.” In B.J.L. Berry & D.F.

AMarble, Spatial Analysis: A Reader in Statistical Geography. Englewood Cliffs, N.J.: Prentice-Hall, pp. 269-89, 1968. (GA9 B53)

MWilliams, R.B.G. Introduction to Statistics for Geographers and Earth Scientists. London: Macmillan, Ch.17. The Product-Moment Coefficient of Correlation.” pp.226-257,1986 (G70.3 W54)

Multiple Regression

TMClark, W.A.V. & P.L. Hosking, Statistical Methods for Geographers. Singapore: John Wiley & Sons, Ch.11, “Issues in the Application of General Linear Model”, pp. 365-410; Ch.12 “Extensions of Multivariate Linear Regression Methods”, pp.413-433, 1986.

MDraper, N.R. & H. Smith, Applied Regression Analysis. N.Y.: John Wiley, p.9, data: Parts 2.5-2.10, “Multiple Regression Mode”; 3.6-3.11, “Residuals and Durbin Watson Test”; 4.2, “regression equation”; Ch.6, 1966. (QA 278.2 D7 1981) =DS

MEdwards, A.L. An Introduction to Linear Regression and Correlation. Part 6.5-6.7, pp.61-65, and Ch.14, “Multiple Correlation and Regression”, pp. 150-169.

MFerguson, R., Linear Regression in Geography. Norwich, England: Geo Abstracts, CATMOG 15, 1977. (G70.23F47)

AGreenwood, M.J., “A Regression Analysis of Migration to Urban Areas of A Less-

TDeveloped Country: The Case of India”, Journal of Regional Science, 11(2), pp. 253-262, 1971.

THauser, D.P., “Some Problems in the Use of Stepwise Regression Techniques in Geographical Research”, The Canadian Geographer, 18(2), pp. 148-158, 1974.

MJohnston, R.J., Multivariate Statistical Analysis in Geography. London: Longman. “Assumptions of Multiple Regression”, pp. 38-45; Ch.3, “Multiple Correlation and Regression”, pp.60-68, 1978. (G70.3J65)

MMaxwell, A.E., Multivariate Analysis in Behavioral Research. London: Chapman & Hall. Ch.7, “Multiple Linear Regression”, (esp. pp.70-73, 1977). (BF39M36)

MYeates, M., An Introduction to Quantitative Analysis in Human Geography. Ch.5, “Multiple Regression”. 1974. (HF1025.Y4 1974)

MThordike, R.M. Correctional Procedures for Research. N.Y.: Gardner Press. Ch.5, “Part and Partial Correlation”, pp.125-137, Ch.6, “Multiple Regression”, pp.139-173, 1978. (QA278.2T48. 1978)

MWilliams, R.B.G. Intermediate Statistics for Geographers and Earth Scientists. London: Macmillan, Ch.27, “The Effects of Major Violations of the Assumptions of the Linear Regression Model,” pp. 480-530; Ch.29, “Curvilinear Regression,” pp. 554-595; Ch.30, “Multiple Linear Regression and Correlation,” pp. 596-629, 1986. (G70.3W5)