Gregory’s Pediatric Anesthesia
Chapter 12 - References
1. Atkins DL, Everson-Stewart S, Sears GK et al. Epidemiology and outcomes from out-of-hospital cardiac arrest in children: the Resuscitation Outcomes Consortium Epistry-Cardiac Arrest. Circulation 2009; 119: 1484–91.
2. Donoghue AJ, Nadkarni V, Berg RA et al. Out-of-hospital pediatric cardiac arrest: an epidemiologic review and assessment of current knowledge. Ann Emerg Med 2005; 46: 512–22.
3. Young KD, Seidel JS. Pediatric cardiopulmonary resuscitation: a collective review. Ann Emerg Med 1999; 33: 195–205.
4. Suominen P, Olkkola KT, Voipio V, Korpela R, Palo R, Räsänen J. Utstein style reporting of in-hospital paediatric cardiopulmonary resuscitation. Resuscitation 2000; 45: 17–25.
5. Slonim AD, Patel KM, Ruttimann UE, Pollack MM. Cardiopulmonary resuscitation in pediatric intensive care units. Crit Care Med 1997; 25: 1951–5.
6. Berg RA. Personal communication of up-to-date data from the National Registry of CPR. www.nrcpr.org.
7. Nadkarni VM, Larkin GL, Peberdy MA et al. First documented rhythm and clinical outcome from in-hospital cardiac arrest among children and adults. JAMA 2006; 295: 50–7.
8. Zheng ZJ, Croft JB, Giles WH, Mensah GA. Sudden cardiac death in the United States, 1989 to 1998. Circulation 2001; 104: 2158–63.
9. Donoghue AJ, Nadkarni VM, Elliott M et al. Effect of hospital characteristics on outcomes from pediatric cardiopulmonary resuscitation: a report from the national registry of cardiopulmonary resuscitation. Pediatrics 2006; 118: 995–1001.
10. Kuisma M, Suominen P, Korpela R. Paediatric out-of-hospital cardiac arrests – epidemiology and outcome. Resuscitation 1995; 30: 141–50.
11. Slonim AD. Cardiopulmonary resuscitation outcomes in children. Crit Care Med 2000; 28: 3364–6.
12. Parra DA, Totapally BR, Zahn E et al. Outcome of cardiopulmonary resuscitation in a pediatric cardiac intensive care unit. Crit Care Med 2000; 28: 3296–300.
13. Rhodes JF, Blaufox AD, Seiden HS et al. Cardiac arrest in infants after congenital heart surgery. Circulation 1999; 100(19 Suppl): II194–9.
14. Zaritsky A, Nadkarni V, Getson P, Kuehl K. CPR in children. Ann Emerg Med 1987; 16: 1107–11.
15. Nichols DG, Kettrick RG, Swedlow DB, Lee S, Passman R, Ludwig S. Factors influencing outcome of cardiopulmonary resuscitation in children. Pediatr Emerg Care 1986; 2: 1–5.
16. Reis AG, Nadkarni V, Perondi MB, Grisi S, Berg RA. A prospective investigation into the epidemiology of in-hospital pediatric cardiopulmonary resuscitation using the international Utstein reporting style. Pediatrics 2002; 109: 200–9.
17. Meaney PA, Nadkarni VM, Cook EF et al. Higher survival rates among younger patients after pediatric intensive care unit cardiac arrests. Pediatrics 2006; 118: 2424–33.
18. Suominen P, Korpela R, Kuisma M, Silfvast T, Olkkola KT. Paediatric cardiac arrest and resuscitation provided by physician-staffed emergency care units. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand 1997; 41: 260–5.
19. Sirbaugh PE, Pepe PE, Shook JE et al. A prospective, population–based study of the demographics, epidemiology, management, and outcome of out-of-hospital pediatric cardiopulmonary arrest. Ann Emerg Med 1999; 33: 174–84.
20. Schindler MB, Bohn D, Cox PN et al. Outcome of out-of-hospital cardiac or respiratory arrest in children. N Engl J Med 1996; 335: 1473–9.
21. Dieckmann RA, Vardis R. High-dose epinephrine in pediatric out-of-hospital cardiopulmonary arrest. Pediatrics 1995; 95: 901–13.
22. Berg MD, Samson RA, Meyer RJ, Clark LL, Valenzuela TD, Berg RA. Pediatric defibrillation doses often fail to terminate prolonged out-of-hospital ventricular fibrillation in children. Resuscitation 2005; 67: 63–7.
23. Gerein RB, Osmond MH, Stiell IG et al. What are the etiology and epidemiology of out-of-hospital pediatric cardiopulmonary arrest in Ontario, Canada? Acad Emerg Med 2006; 13: 653–8.
24. Tunstall-Pedoe H, Bailey L, Chamberlain DA, Marsden AK, Ward ME, Zideman DA. Survey of 3765 cardiopulmonary resuscitations in British hospitals (the BRESUS Study): methods and overall results. BMJ 1992; 304: 1347–51.
25. López-Herce J, García C, Domínguez P et al. Outcome of out-of-hospital cardiorespiratory arrest in children. Pediatr Emerg Care 2005; 21: 807–15.
26. Holmberg M, Holmberg S, Herlitz J. Effect of bystander cardiopulmonary resuscitation in out-of-hospital cardiac arrest patients in Sweden. Resuscitation 2000; 47: 59–70.
27. Kitamura T, Iwami T, Kawamura T et al. Conventional and chest-compression-only cardiopulmonary resuscitation by bystanders for children who have out-of-hospital cardiac arrests: a prospective, nationwide, population-based cohort study. Lancet 2010; 375: 1347–54.
28. Kouwenhoven WB, Jude JR, Knickerbocker GG. Closed-chest cardiac massage. JAMA 1960; 173: 1064–7.
29. Dean JM, Koehler RC, Schleien CL et al. Age-related changes in chest geometry during cardiopulmonary resuscitation. J Appl Physiol 1987; 62: 2212–9.
30. Buist MD, Jarmolowski E, Burton PR, Bernard SA, Waxman BP, Anderson J. Recognising clinical instability in hospital patients before cardiac arrest or unplanned admission to intensive care. A pilot study in a tertiary-care hospital. Med J Aust 1999; 171: 22–5.
31. Chaplik S, Neafsey PJ. Pre-existing variables and outcome of cardiac arrest resuscitation in hospitalized patients. Dimens Crit Care Nurs 1998; 17: 200–7.
32. Tibballs J, Kinney S. Reduction of hospital mortality and of preventable cardiac arrest and death on introduction of a pediatric medical emergency team. Pediatr Crit Care Med 2009; 10: 306–12.
33. Brilli RJ, Gibson R, Luria JW et al. Implementation of a medical emergency team in a large pediatric teaching hospital prevents respiratory and cardiopulmonary arrests outside the intensive care unit. Pediatr Crit Care Med 2007; 8: 236–46.
34. Sharek PJ, Parast LM, Leong K et al. Effect of a rapid response team on hospital–wide mortality and code rates outside the ICU in a Children's Hospital. JAMA 2007; 298: 2267–74.
35. Kern KB, Carter AB, Showen RL et al. Twenty-four hour survival in a canine model of cardiac arrest comparing three methods of manual cardiopulmonary resuscitation. J Am Coll Cardiol 1986; 7: 859–67.
36. Kern KB, Ewy GA, Voorhees WD, Babbs CF, Tacker WA. Myocardial perfusion pressure: a predictor of 24-hour survival during prolonged cardiac arrest in dogs. Resuscitation 1988; 16: 241–50.
37. Kern KB, Lancaster L, Goldman S, Ewy A. The effect of coronary artery lesions on the relationship between coronary perfusion pressure and myocardial blood flow during cardiopulmonary resuscitation in pigs. Am Heart J 1990; 120: 324–33.
38. Sanders AB, Ewy GA, Taft TV. Prognostic and therapeutic importance of the aortic diastolic pressure in resuscitation from cardiac arrest. Crit Care Med 1984; 12: 871–3.
39. Sanders AB, Kern KB, Atlas M, Bragg S, Ewy GA. Importance of the duration of inadequate coronary perfusion pressure on resuscitation from cardiac arrest. J Am Coll Cardiol 1985; 6: 113–8.
40. Sanders AB, Ewy GA, Bragg S, Atlas M, Kern KB. Expired PCO2 as a prognostic indicator of successful resuscitation from cardiac arrest. Ann Emerg Med 1985; 14: 948–52.
41. Paradis NA, Martin GB, Rivers EP et al. Coronary perfusion pressure and the return of spontaneous circulation in human cardiopulmonary resuscitation. JAMA 1990; 263: 1106–13.
42. Ornato JP, Levine RL, Young DS, Racht EM, Garnett AR, Gonzalez ER. The effect of applied chest compression force on systemic arterial pressure and end–tidal carbon dioxide concentration during CPR in human beings. Ann Emerg Med 1989; 18: 732–7.
43. Atkins DL, Berg MD, Berg RA et al. 2005 American Heart Association (AHA) guidelines for cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) and emergency cardiovascular care (ECC) of pediatric and neonatal patients: pediatric advanced life support. Pediatrics 2006; 117: e1005–28.
44. Bhende MS, Thompson AE. Evaluation of an end-tidal CO2 detector during pediatric cardiopulmonary resuscitation. Pediatrics 1995; 95: 395–9.
45. Bhende MS, Karasic DG, Menegazzi JJ. Evaluation of an end-tidal CO2 detector during cardiopulmonary resuscitation in a canine model for pediatric cardiac arrest. Pediatr Emerg Care 1995; 11: 365–8.
46. Aufderheide TP, Sigurdsson G, Pirrallo RG et al. Hyperventilation-induced hypotension during cardiopulmonary resuscitation. Circulation 2004; 109: 1960–5.
47. Aufderheide TP, Lurie KG. Death by hyperventilation: a common and life-threatening problem during cardiopulmonary resuscitation. Crit Care Med 2004; 32(9 Suppl): S345–51.
48. Milander MM, Hiscok PS, Sanders AB, Kern KB, Berg RA, Ewy GA. Chest compression and ventilation rates during cardiopulmonary resuscitation: the effects of audible tone guidance. Acad Emerg Med 1995; 2: 708–13.
49. Ewy GA. Continuous-chest-compression cardiopulmonary resuscitation for cardiac arrest. Circulation 2007; 116: 2894–6.
50. Valenzuela TD, Kern KB, Clark LL et al. Interruptions of chest compressions during emergency medical systems resuscitation. Circulation 2005; 112: 1259–65.
51. Edelson DP, Abella BS, Kramer-Johansen J et al. Effects of compression depth and pre-shock pauses predict defibrillation failure during cardiac arrest. Resuscitation 2006; 71: 137–45.
52. Yannopoulos D, Aufderheide TP, Gabrielli A et al. Clinical and hemodynamic comparison of 15: 2 and 30: 2 compression-to-ventilation ratios for cardiopulmonary resuscitation. Crit Care Med 2006; 34: 1444–9.
53. Chandra NC, Gruben KG, Tsitlik JE et al. Observations of ventilation during resuscitation in a canine model. Circulation 1994; 90: 3070–5.
54. Weil MH, Rackow EC, Trevino R, Grundler W, Falk JL, Griffel MI. Difference in acid-base state between venous and arterial blood during cardiopulmonary resuscitation. N Engl J Med 1986; 315: 153–6.
55. Berg RA, Sanders AB, Kern KB et al. Adverse hemodynamic effects of interrupting chest compressions for rescue breathing during cardiopulmonary resuscitation for ventricular fibrillation cardiac arrest. Circulation 2001; 104: 2465–70.
56. Schleien CL, Dean JM, Koehler RC et al. Effect of epinephrine on cerebral and myocardial perfusion in an infant animal preparation of cardiopulmonary resuscitation. Circulation 1986; 73: 809–17.
57. Halperin HR, Tsitlik JE, Guerci AD et al. Determinants of blood flow to vital organs during cardiopulmonary resuscitation in dogs. Circulation 1986; 73: 539–50.
58. Michael JR, Guerci AD, Koehler RC et al. Mechanisms by which epinephrine augments cerebral and myocardial perfusion during cardiopulmonary resuscitation in dogs. Circulation 1984; 69: 822–35.
59. Voorhees WD, Babbs CF, Tacker WA Jr. Regional blood flow during cardiopulmonary resuscitation in dogs. Crit Care Med 1980; 8: 134–6.
60. Yannopoulos D, Aufderheide TP, McKnite S et al. Hemodynamic and respiratory effects of negative tracheal pressure during CPR in pigs. Resuscitation 2006; 69: 487–94.
61. Lurie K, Zielinski T, McKnite S, Sukhum P. Improving the efficiency of cardiopulmonary resuscitation with an inspiratory impedance threshold valve. Crit Care Med 2000; 28(11 Suppl): N207–9.
62. Lurie KG, Coffeen P, Shultz J, McKnite S, Detloff B, Mulligan K. Improving active compression-decompression cardiopulmonary resuscitation with an inspiratory impedance valve. Circulation 1995; 91: 1629–32.
63. Plaisance P, Lurie KG, Vicaut E et al. Evaluation of an impedance threshold device in patients receiving active compression-decompression cardiopulmonary resuscitation for out of hospital cardiac arrest. Resuscitation 2004; 61: 265–71.
64. Aufderheide TP, Pirrallo RG, Provo TA, Lurie KG. Clinical evaluation of an inspiratory impedance threshold device during standard cardiopulmonary resuscitation in patients with out–of–hospital cardiac arrest. Crit Care Med 2005; 33: 734–40.
65. Wolcke BB, Mauer DK, Schoefmann MF et al. Comparison of standard cardiopulmonary resuscitation versus the combination of active compression-decompression cardiopulmonary resuscitation and an inspiratory impedance threshold device for out-of-hospital cardiac arrest. Circulation 2003; 108: 2201–5.
66. Maher KO, Berg RA, Lindsey CW et al. Depth of sternal compression and intra–arterial blood pressure during CPR in infants following cardiac surgery. Resuscitation 2009; 80: 662–4.
67. Kao PC, Chiang WC, Yang CW et al. What is the correct depth of chest compression for infants and children? A radiological study. Pediatrics 2009; 124: 49–55.
68. Braga MS, Dominguez TE, Pollock AN et al. Estimation of optimal CPR chest compression depth in children by using computer tomography. Pediatrics 2009; 124: e69–74.
69. Idris AH, Staples ED, O'Brien DJ et al. Effect of ventilation on acid-base balance and oxygenation in low blood-flow states. Crit Care Med 1994; 22: 1827–34.
70. Srikantan SK, Berg RA, Cox T, Tice L, Nadkarni VM. Effect of one-rescuer compression/ventilation ratios on cardiopulmonary resuscitation in infant, pediatric, and adult manikins. Pediatr Crit Care Med 2005; 6: 293–7.
71. Kinney SB, Tibballs J. An analysis of the efficacy of bag-valve-mask ventilation and chest compression during different compression-ventilation ratios in manikin-simulated paediatric resuscitation. Resuscitation 2000; 43: 115–20.
72. Babbs CF, Thelander K. Theoretically optimal duty cycles for chest and abdominal compression during external cardiopulmonary resuscitation. Acad Emerg Med 1995; 2: 698–707.
73. Dean JM, Koehler RC, Schleien CL et al. Age-related effects of compression rate and duration in cardiopulmonary resuscitation. J Appl Physiol 1990; 68: 554–60.
74. Halperin HR, Tsitlik JE, Gelfand M et al. A preliminary study of cardiopulmonary resuscitation by circumferential compression of the chest with use of a pneumatic vest. N Engl J Med 1993; 329: 762–8.
75. Dorfsman ML, Menegazzi JJ, Wadas RJ, Auble TE. Two-thumb vs. two-finger chest compression in an infant model of prolonged cardiopulmonary resuscitation. Acad Emerg Med 2000; 7: 1077–82.
76. American Heart Association. 2005 American Heart Association (AHA) guidelines for cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) and emergency cardiovascular care (ECC) of pediatric and neonatal patients: pediatric basic life support. Pediatrics 2006; 117: e989–1004.
77. Voelckel WG, Lindner KH, Wenzel V et al. Effects of vasopressin and epinephrine on splanchnic blood flow and renal function during and after cardiopulmonary resuscitation in pigs. Crit Care Med 2000; 28: 1083–8.
78. Berg RA, Kern KB, Hilwig RW et al. Assisted ventilation does not improve outcome in a porcine model of single-rescuer bystander cardiopulmonary resuscitation. Circulation 1997; 95: 1635–41.
79. Boczar ME, Howard MA, Rivers EP et al. A technique revisited: hemodynamic comparison of closed- and open-chest cardiac massage during human cardiopulmonary resuscitation. Crit Care Med 1995; 23: 498–503.
80. Sanders AB, Kern KB, Ewy GA, Atlas M, Bailey L. Improved resuscitation from cardiac arrest with open-chest massage. Ann Emerg Med 1984; 13: 672–5.
81. Fleisher G, Sagy M, Swedlow DB, Belani K. Open- versus closed-chest cardiac compressions in a canine model of pediatric cardiopulmonary resuscitation. Am J Emerg Med 1985; 3: 305–10.
82. Sheikh A, Brogan T. Outcome and cost of open- and closed-chest cardiopulmonary resuscitation in pediatric cardiac arrests. Pediatrics 1994; 93: 392–8.
83. Tobias JD, Ross AK. Intraosseous infusions: a review for the anesthesiologist with a focus on pediatric use. Anesth Analg 2010; 110: 391–401.
84. Koehler RC, Michael JR, Guerci AD et al. Beneficial effect of epinephrine infusion on cerebral and myocardial blood flows during CPR. Ann Emerg Med 1985; 14: 744–9.
85. Berkowitz ID, Gervais H, Schleien CL, Koehler RC, Dean JM, Traystman RJ. Epinephrine dosage effects on cerebral and myocardial blood flow in an infant swine model of cardiopulmonary resuscitation. Anesthesiology 1991; 75: 1041–50.