Glossary: Unit III Terms

Name ______

Ms. Russo/Ms. Pehowic – Science 7 – period _____

Date ______

Directions: Fill in the key information about the following scientists as we learn about them and their scientific contributions.

Name / Info/Contributions
1 / Aristotle / developed the first system of classification; based groups of animals on careful observation
2 / Carolus Linnaeus / created a naming system called binomial nomenclature; this system also based on careful observation

Directions: Fill in the definitions for the following terms as we learn them. This will act as a great study resource for any quizzes, tests, and the final exam in June.

**Note: Even if you already know the term, you must still define it.

Term / Definition
1 / biodiversity / The number of different species in an area; the “diversity of life”
2 / classification / the grouping of things based on similar characteristics
3 / taxonomy / the scientific study of how things are classified
4 / taxonomist / the scientists responsible for grouping organisms
5 / taxonomic key / a tool that allows the user to identify unknown organisms; constructed so that the user is presented with a series of choices about the characteristics of the unknown organisms; by making the correct choice at each step of the key, the user is ultimately led to the identity of a specimen
6 / dichotomous key / a tool that allows the user to group items with similarities; as the groups become more specific, there are fewer items/organisms contained within
**Note: "Dichotomous" means "divided into two parts," therefore, dichotomous keys always give two choices in each step
7 / binomial nomenclature / the naming system for organisms in which each organism is given a two-part name – genus and species
8 / scientific name / an organism’s name derived through binomial nomenclature
9 / genus / a classification grouping that consists of a number of similar, closely related species; the first part of an organism’s scientific name
10 / species / a group of similar organisms whose members can mate with one another and produce fertile offspring; the second part of an organism’s scientific name
11 / kingdom / the largest group of organisms in our modern classification scheme
12 / prokaryote / an organism whose cell lacks an enclosed/defined nucleus and other cell structures; they have DNA, but it is not enclosed in a nuclear membrane
13 / eukaryote / an organism whose cell/cells contain an enclosed/defined nucleus and other cell structures; their DNA is enclosed in a nuclear membrane
14 / autotroph / an organism that makes its own food (usually through photosynthesis)
15 / heterotroph / an organism that cannot make its own food and therefore consumes other organisms for food
16 / unicellular / a type of organism that is made up of only one cell; AKA single-celled organism
17 / multicellular / a type of organism that is made up of at least 2 cells
18 / Archaebacteria / a kingdom of prokaryotic, unicellular, autotrophic or heterotrophic organisms; “archae” means ancient, so these species have been around for billions of years due to their ability to live in some of the harshest conditions on Earth
19 / Eubacteria / a kingdom of prokaryotic, unicellular, autotrophic or heterotrophic organisms; these are often the bacteria that causes illness and diseases
20 / Protista / a kingdom of eukaryotic, unicellular or multicellular, autotrophic and/or heterotrophic organisms; known as the “odds and ends,” evolutionary biologists believe Kingdoms Fungi, Plantae, and Animalia arose from similar Protists
21 / Fungi / a kingdom of eukaryotic, unicellular or multicellular, heterotrophic organisms; these are the major decomposers of Earth
22 / Plantae / a kingdom of eukaryotic, multicellular, autotrophic organisms; these support most of Earth’s food webs and food chains
23 / Animalia / a kingdom of eukaryotic, multicellular, heterotrophic organisms; these are found in diverse environments world-wide because of their varied adaptations
24 / symmetry / the ability to divide something in a way that all aspects of the division are copies of the others
25 / asymmetrical / when something isn’t able to be divided in a way that all aspects of the division are copies
26 / bilaterally symmetrical / found in organisms that have heads and tails; the ability to divide something in half so each part of the half is a mirror image of the other
27 / radially symmetrical / found only in sea animals; the ability to divide something in half by a variety of different means
28 / invertebrate / any member of the Kingdom Animalia that lacks a backbone; body symmetry can help scientists further classify invertebrates
29 / vertebrate / any member of the Kingdom Animalia that has a backbone and internal skeleton that protects their soft tissue
30 / endothermic / any animal whose body controls and regulates its temperature by controlling the internal heat it produces; since these organisms’ body temperatures are not influenced by the temperature of their environment, they are considered to be “warm-blooded”
31 / exothermic / aka ectothermic – any animal whose body does not produce much internal heat; since these organisms’ body temperatures are influenced by the temperature of their environment, they are considered “cold-blooded”
32 / asexual reproduction / any type of reproduction that involves only one parent that produces offspring that are identical to the parents (genetic clones)
33 / sexual reproduction / any type of reproduction that involves two parents who combine their genetic material to produce a new organism which differs from both parents
34 / gamete / a sex cell
35 / sperm / the male sex cell
36 / egg / the female sex cell
37 / fertilization / the process by which a sperm and egg cell join to form a zygote
38 / zygote / the result of fertilization; the first cell of any organism produced by sexual reproduction
39 / external fertilization / the process by which sperm and egg unite outside of the body of the female; to aid the free-swimming sperm, this must occur in water; for fish, the release of roe by the female happens first, and then the milt is released by the male; in frogs, the release of eggs and sperm happen at the same time
40 / internal fertilization / the process by which sperm and egg unite within the body of the female of the species; often, this type of fertilization means either (a) the young will develop in eggs with shells OR (b) the young will develop within the body of the female
41 / external development / an organism develops outside of the mother’s body; all animals that are the result of external fertilization develop externally; animals that are the result of eggs via internal fertilization also develop externally
42 / internal development / an organism develops inside of the mother’s body as a result of internal fertilization; examples include almost all mammals, but some species of fish and reptiles also develop internally and are born via live birth
43 / milt / a fluid released by male fish during spawning which contains millions of free-swimming sperm
44 / fry / A newly-hatched fish with attached yolk sac that feeds the fry until it is big enough to find its own food
45 / roe / the eggs released by a female fish during spawning
46 / yolk sac / a flap containing energy-rich materials that feed the fry after it hatches
47 / complete metamorphosis / the life cycle of certain types of insects; during the process, the insect goes through a dramatic change over four stages: egg, larva, pupa, adult
48 / incomplete metamorphosis / the life cycle of certain types of insects; during the process, the insect goes through a small change over three stages: egg, nymph, adult
49 / reproduction by regeneration / a means of asexual reproduction in which a portion of the parent organism yields an entirely new organism that is a clone of the parent
50 / budding / a means of asexual reproduction in which the parent organism creates a bud, a small cell that contains a copy of the parent’s nucleus but a lesser amount of cytoplasm, that will eventually break off and grow into full-sized version of the original organism
51 / chlorophyll / the pigment that makes plants green; it is found within chloroplasts, the location of photosynthesis
52 / cell wall / a rigid layer of non-living material surrounding every plant cell; this provides structure and support so plants are able to grow tall
53 / cellulose / a rough yet flexible material that makes up cell walls
54 / Bryophyta / the phylum non-vascular plants
55 / Tracheophyta / the phylum of vascular plants
56 / vascular tissue / the internal transportation system of Tracheophytes that is made up of tube-like structures
57 / xylem / vascular tissue that moves water and dissolved nutrients from the roots up to the leaves of a plant (“xylem zips up”)
58 / phloem / vascular tissue that moves food from the leaves to the roots of a plant to be stored (“phloem flows food down”
59 / stomata / microscopic pores on the underside of plant leaves; when open, carbon dioxide enters, and oxygen and water vapor exit
60 / transpiration / evaporation from plants; the water vapor is lost when the stomata open for gas exchange
61 / cambium / the layer of cells in a plant that produces new xylem and phloem cells
62 / root cap / a structure that covers the tip of a root, protecting the root from injury
63 / gymnosperm / a type of Tracheophyte the produces seeds that are not enclosed in a protective covering (“naked”)
64 / cone / the reproductive structure of a Gymnosperm
65 / angiosperm / a type of Tracheophyte that produces seeds that are enclosed in a protective structure
66 / cotyledon / a seed leaf; the first leaf or leaves that are seen as the result of germination
67 / monocot / a type of Angiosperm that produces seeds with one seed leaf, has flower parts in groups of 3, scattered bundles of vascular tissue in their stems, and veins that run parallel in their leaves
68 / dicot / a type of Angiosperm that produces seeds with two seed leaves, has flower parts in groups of 4 or 5, a circle of vascular tissue in their stems, and veins that branch in their leaves
69 / flower / the reproductive structure of an Angiosperm
70 / perfect flower / the reproductive structure of an Angiosperm that contains both male (stamens) and female (pistil) parts
71 / imperfect flower / the reproductive structure of an Angiosperm that contains only male or only female parts
72 / pistillate flower / the reproductive structure of an Angiosperm that contains only female parts (pistil)
73 / staminate flower / the reproductive structure of an Angiosperm that contains only male parts (stamen)
74 / stamen / the male part of a flower; comprised of an anther at the top and filament at the bottom
75 / anther / the part of the stamen that produces pollen grains
76 / pollen / the male gamete (sex cell) for plants
77 / filament / the part of the stamen that holds up the anther
78 / pistil / the female part of a flower; comprised of a sticky stigma at top, style in the middle, and ovary at the bottom
79 / stigma / the sticky top part of a pistil; where pollen grains attach
80 / style / the middle part of the pistil; once a pollen grain attaches to the sticky stigma (pollination), the pollen grain creates a tube through the style into the ovary
81 / ovary / the bottom part of the pistil; contains at least one ovule; become the fruit after fertilization
82 / ovule / found within the ovary; contains a single egg; becomes the seed coat/covering and endosperm of a seed after fertilization occurs
83 / egg / found within the ovule; become a zygote after uniting with a pollen grain; after many divisions, becomes the embryo of a seed
84 / petal / the colorful part of a flower; designed to attract pollinators to a flower
85 / pollination / the process by which a pollen grain makes it way from a male plant/part to a female plant/part
86 / cross-pollination / the process by which a pollen grain makes its way from one plant or flower to another plant or flower; may occur in perfect or imperfect flowers
87 / self-pollination / the process by which a pollen grain makes its way from the stamens of a flower to the stigma of that same flower; only occurs in perfect flowers
88 / seed / the result of sexual reproduction in plants; composed of a seed coat/covering, endosperm, and embryo
89 / dormant / the state in which a seed resides if soil conditions are not ideal for growth; does not use the endosperm during this period
90 / embryo / the part of a seed that will grow into a baby plant
91 / endosperm / the part of a seed that feeds the embryo as it germinates; depends on the embryo until the baby plant makes greed leaves to go through photosynthesis
92 / seed coat/covering / the protective outside layer of a seed that protects the seed from environmental conditions (i.e. drought, flooding, etc.)
93 / germination / the process by which the embryo feeds upon the endosperm so it can grow roots that will push the remaining portion of the seed above the surface of the soil and eventually grow green leaves
94 / vegetative propagation / asexual reproduction in plants; can happen by natural or artificial means; uses either stems, leaves, roots, or buds to grow a new plant that is a genetic copy (clone) of the parent plant
95 / natural vegetative propagation / asexual reproduction in plants that the plants actually do themselves; means include bulbs, tubers, runners, rhizomes, and layering
96 / artificial vegetative propagation / asexual reproduction in plants that is caused by humans; means include layering, cuttings, and grafting
97 / tuber / a thick underground stem; stores food for the plant that creates the tuber; all that is needed from a tuber in order for asexual reproduction to occur is an eye (bud) from the tuber; examples include varieties of potatoes