GENETICS END OF COURSE EXAM STUDY GUIDE
PART ONE
1. How are environment and personal health related? 2. List examples that affect our health? 3. How can heredity and family history impact personal health?
4. What are the 5 conditions for Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium in a population? 5. Why are these conditions not likely to appear in nature? 6. Allele frequency H-W problem. 7. Phenotype frequency H-W problem.
8. Explain how overproduction of offspring is beneficial in acquiring differential reproductive success in natural selection. 9. Explain how inherited variation is beneficial in acquiring differential reproductive success in natural selection. 10. Explain how the struggle to survive is beneficial in acquiring differential reproductive success.
11. Discuss genetic drift as a mechanism of evolutionary change. 12. Discuss gene flow as a mechanism of evolutionary change.
13. Explain how mutation increases genetic variation. 14. Explain how genetic recombination increases genetic variation.
15. Describe the scientific explanations of the origin of life on Earth.
16. Explain the role of reproductive isolation in the process of speciation.
17. Explain Mendel’s law of segregation. Use this to analyze patterns of inheritance. 18. Explain Mendel’s law of Independent Assortment. Use this to analyze patterns of inheritance.
19. 20, 21, 22, 23. Explain the impact of biotechnology on the individual, society, and the environment, including medical and ethical issues.
PART TWO
24. Discuss the process of RFLP as a technology associated with forensic medicine and DNA identification.
25. Explain how restriction digestion by endonucleases (restriction enzymes) are used to construct recombinant DNA molecules (DNA cloning). 26. Explain how gel electrophoresis is used to construct recombinant DNA molecules (DNA cloning). 27. Explain how ligation is used to construct recombinant DNA molecules ( DNA cloning). 28. Explain how transformation is used to construct recombinant DNA molecules (DNA cloning).
29. Explain the cell cycle. 30. Explain the process of mitosis. 31. Explain the role of mitosis in the formation of new cells. 32. Explain the importance of the role of mitosis in maintaining chromosome number during asexual reproduction.
33. Explain the process of meiosis. 34. Explain the process of independent assortment in the process of meiosis.
35. Explain the process of crossing over in meiosis. 36. Explain how reduction division results in the formation of haploid gametes or spores.
37. Compare mitosis and meiosis. 38. Relate mitosis to the process of asexual reproduction. 39. Relate meiosis to the process of sexual reproduction. 40. Explain mitosis and meiosis and their consequences in obtaining genetic variation.
41. Explain the dominant inheritance pattern. 42. Explain the recessive inheritance pattern. 43. Explain co-dominant. 44. Explain sex-linked inheritance. 45. Explain polygenic inheritance. 46. Explain multiple alleles inheritance pattern.
47. Explain the process of DNA replication. 48. How does DNA replication relate to the transmission and conservation of genetic information? What happens if something is not right?
49. Explain how mutations in the DNA sequence may or may not result in phenotypic change. 50. Explain how mutations in gametes may result in phenotypic changes in offspring.
51. Explain the basic process of transcription. 52. Explain the basic process of translation. 53. Explain how transcription and translation result in protein synthesis which is the expression of the gene.
54. How is gene expression regulated at the transcriptional level in prokaryotes? 55. How is gene expression regulated at the transcription level in eukaryotes? 56. How is gene expression regulated at the translation level in prokaryotes? 57. How is gene expression regulated at the translation level in eukaryotes?
PART THREE
58. How do viruses transfer genetic material between cells? 59. How do bacteria transfer genetic material between cells? 60. What is the role of these processes in biotechnology?
61. What is the relationship between mutations and cancer? 62. What is the relationship between the cell cycle and cancer? 63. What is the relationship between uncontrolled cell growth and cancer?
64. How is it that the genetic code is considered to universal? 65. Why is the genetic code considered to be universal? 66. How/why is it common to almost all organisms?
67. Discuss the number of individuals in a population. 68. Discuss the age structure in a population. 69. Discuss density in a population. 70. Discuss the pattern of distribution in a population.
71. Explain the consequences of catastrophic events on biodiversity. 72. Explain the consequences of climate changes on biodiversity. 73. Explain the consequences of human activity on biodiversity. 74. Explain the introduction of invasive, non-native species on biodiversity.
75. Describe the basic molecular structure of the four major categories of biological macromolecules. 76. Describe the primary functions of the four major categories of biological macromolecules.
77. What is the role on enzymes as catalysts that lower the activation energy of biochemical reactions? More enzyme? 78. What is the effect of pH on enzyme activity? 79. What is the effect of temperature on enzyme activity? Don’t forget additional substrate.
80. What is the function of a model in science? 81. What kind of models do we use?
82. How does the substrate concentration affect the rate of chemical reactions? 83. How does temperature affect the rate of chemical reactions? 84. How does the presence of a catalyst affect the rate of chemical reactions?
85. What is science? 86. What are the methods of science?
87. What is not science? 88. What superficially resembles science, but isn’t?