GENERAL BIOLOGY 1 STUDY SHEET 1

  1. As cell size increases, volumeincrease faster than surface area.
  1. What is a chemical reaction?process that changes one set of chemicals into another set of chemicals.
  1. Glucose is stored in animal as glycogenand in plants as starch as a polymer.
  1. What are some examples of passive transport?Osmosis; Diffusion; Facilitated diffusion.
  1. The differences between endocytosis, pinocytosis, phagocytosis, and exocytosis areEndocytosisis the process of capturing a substance or particle from outside the cell by engulfing it with the cell membrane, and bringing it into the cell.Exocytosisdescribes the process of vesicles fusing with the plasma membrane and releasing their contents to the outside of the cell. Pinocytosisis the absorption of liquids, whereasphagocytosisis the absorption of solid objects which are essentially food for the cell. Bothpinocytosis and phagocytosisare types of endocytosis. Endocytosis is a process by which cells absorb molecules by engulfing them.
  1. What are the differences between the plant and animal cells? The main structuraldifferences between plant and animal cellsliein afew additional structures found inplant cells. These structures include: chloroplasts, thecellwall, and vacuoles. Animal cells have Centroles.
  1. Give the functions of the following parts; cell wall, cell membrane, cell nucleus, chromosome, chloroplast, plastids, vacuole, Golgi apparatus, lysosome, mitochondria, cytoplasm, and nucleoplasm.

Cell wall; is to provide support and protection for the cell.

Cell membrane (plasma membrane); regulates what enter and lives in the cell and to provide protection and support.

Cell nucleus; is where the assembly or ribosomes begins.

Chromosomes; threadlike structure with in the nucleus containing the genetic information that is passed from one generation of cells to the next.

Chloroplast; containing carotenoid coloring matter.

Chloroplast; captured the energy from sunligth and convert it into chemical energy in a process called photosynthesis. Plastids; any one various small differentiated masses of protoplasm in the cytoplasm of a plant cell, such as a chloroplast. Vacuole; store materials such as water, salt, proteins, and carbohydrates.

Golgi apparatus; modifies, sort, and packages proteins.

Lysosomes; contains destructive, hydrolytic enzymes.

Ribosomes; they produce proteins by following coded instructions that come from the nucleus.

Smooth and rough ER; make protein.

Mitochondria; are organelles that convert the chemical energy stored in food into compounds that are more convenient for the cell to use.

Cytoplasm; is the protection of the cell outside the nucleus.

Nucleoplasm; the protoplasm found in the nucleus of a cell, not incluiding the nucleoli.

  1. Who discovered cells while examining cork?Robert Hooke.
  1. The shrinking of a cell is called plasmolysis and process of bursting a cell is calledcytolysis.
  1. Flagella and cilia are used for movement and feeding.
  1. Does mitosis control the cell cycle?No,regulatory molecules, cyclins (protien) and cyclin-dependent kinases (CDKs)(Enzyme)
  1. Three examples of simple sugars are the carbohydrate isomers know asGlucose, Galactose, and Fructose.
  1. Proteins are made up of amino acids.
  1. What is the difference between covalent and ionic bonds?Covalent-bond formed by the sharing of electrons between atoms. Ionic bond- bonds formed when one or more electrons are transferred from one atom to another.
  1. Draw an atom and label its parts.
  1. What are the phrases of the cell cycle?Interphaseis composed of G1phase(cellgrowth), followed by Sphase(DNA synthesis), followed by G2phase(cellgrowth). At the end ofinterphasecomes the M phase (mitoticphase), which is made up of mitosis and cytokinesis and leads to the formation of two daughtercells.
  1. Where do the Light-dependent reactions of photosynthesis take place?In the thylakoids.
  1. What are Polypoid organisms?Polyploidcellsand organisms are those containing more than two paired (homologous) sets of chromosomes. Mostspecieswhosecellshave nuclei (eukaryotes) arediploid, meaning they have two sets of chromosomes—one set inherited from each parent.
  1. What are the components that make up an adenosine triphosphate (ATP) molecule? Adenine;Ribose; 3 phosphate groups.
  1. The 23rd pair of chromosomes that differ in males and females are called sex chromosomes.
  1. A cell with two of each kina of chromosome Diploid.
  1. Mating between closely related individuals Inbreeding.
  1. A cell with one kind of chromosome haploid.
  1. The splitting of water is called photolysis.
  1. The anaerobic process of breaking down glucose from pyruvic acid is called Glycolosis.
  1. The failure of homologous chromosomes to separate properly during meiosis is called______.Nondisjunction
  1. The different forms of a gene are known as Alleles.
  1. Humans have 22 pair of these chromosomes Autosomes.
  1. Used to cut DNA into fragments Restriction enzyme.
  1. A cross of an individual of unknown genotype with an individual of known genotytpe is called a test cross.
  1. A fertilizad egg is called a(n) zygote.
  1. The gene combination of an individual called a (n) genotype.
  1. The way an organism looks and behaves is its phenotype.
  1. A graphic representation of genetic inheritance is calledpedigree.
  1. Any change in the DNA sequence is called point mutations.
  1. The process where RNA copies a portion of a DNA strand is called transcription.
  1. Plastids that contain colored pigments are called chloroplast.
  1. The process of convertingthe information in a sequence of amino acids that makes up a protein is translation.
  1. The Exchange of genetic material between nonsister chromatids from homolgous chromosomes during prophase I meiosis called crossing-over.
  1. An alternate form of a genes.alleles.
  1. A molecule with an unequal distribution of charge polar.
  1. Photosynthesis only occurs in what type of organism? Producers.
  1. What is needed for cellular respiration to occur?Glucose
  1. What are the building blocks of carbohydrates, proteins, and fats and nucleic acids? Amino acids for protein. Monosaccrides for carbohydrates. Fatty acids for fats. Nucleotides for nucleic acids.

58.The reactants of photosynthesis are Carbon dioxide—water.

59.The reactants of cellular respiration areoxygen—glucose.

60.Where does cellular respiration occur? mitochondrion.

61.Photosynthesis occurs inthe thylakoidsof chloroplasts of plants.

62.Write the chemical equation of photosynthesis. 6CO2+6H2O light C6H12O6+6O2.

Carbon dioxide+water light sugars+oxygen.

63.Write the chemical equation of cellular respiration.6CO2+C6H12O66CO2+6H2O+energy.

Oxygen+GlucoseCarbon dioxide+Water+Energy.

64.Transgenic bacteria are currently used to produced what substances?Human growth hormone insulin

GENERAL BIOLOGY 1 STUDY SHEET II

  1. What is the difference between plasmolysis and cytolysis?Plasmolysis isthe process in which cells lose waterin ahypertonic solution. The reverse process,cytolysis, can occur if the cellis in ahypotonic solution resultingin alower external osmotic pressure and a net flowofwater into the cell.
  1. The first living thing on earth was prokaryotes.
  1. Growth acurs through cell enlargement and celldevelopment.
  1. Water molecules are able to move against gravity as a result of the property know ascapillary action.
  1. Large polymers are called macro molecule and polymers are made up of monomers.
  1. The attraction between water molecules and the molecules of solid surfaces is calledadhesion
  1. The nucleic acid most directly associated with cell division and all cell activities is called DNA
  1. Cellulose is componed of repeating units ofGlucose.
  1. Why is carbon an important element to living thing? carbon has the ability to form millionsof different large and complex structures. That no other element even comes close to matching carbon is vesatility.
  1. Animal starch is also called glycogen.
  1. The double membrane surrounding the nucleus is Nuclear envelope.
  1. How does the structure of the plasma membrane allow materials to move across it in both direction?Transport protein.
  1. An organism consisting of one cell is called unicellular and an example is yeast.
  1. What are polymers and give examples? Large compound formed combinations of many monomers the carbohydrates.
  1. A muscle represents what level of biological organization? Tissue.
  1. Active transport is powered by the high energy molecule called?ATP.
  1. Packaged proteins are removed from cells through the process ofExocytosis.
  1. The passive form of carrier transport is calledfacilitated diffusion.
  1. What are the similarities and differences between passive and active transport? passive; requires no energy. Activetransport; requires energy.
  1. Nitrogen is released to the abiotic part of the biosphere from the process of death and decay by decompotition.
  1. A couple has two children, both of whom are boy. What is the chance that the parents´ next child will be a boy?50%
  1. During photosynthesis, Light energy is trapped by chlorophyll.
  1. An organism consisting of more than one cell is called multicellularand examples areplants; animal.
  1. Gel electrophoresis is a technique used to separate and analyze DNA.
  1. The cell membrane consists of lipid bilayer; protein; transport protein channel; carbohydrate chains.
  1. Leaves appear green because the green portion of the light that attracts them is reflection
  1. What are isotopes and isomers.Isotopes; atom of element that has a number of neutron different from that of other atoms of the same element. Isomers; an isometric compound, ion, atom, or nucleus.
  1. What are disaccharides and monosaccharides? Disaccharides two simple sugars.Monosaccharides; molecules are simple sugar.
  1. A dog`s phenotype can be determined by.Observation
  1. What are solotes and solvent?Solute; substance that is dissolved in a solvent to make a solution. Solvent; substance in which a solute is dissolved to from a solution.
  1. A trait controlled by 4 alleles is said to have. Multiple alleles.
  1. Water is lost to the abiotic parts of the biosphere from the biotic part by the process of. Transpiration.
  1. Compare and contrast metaphase of mitosis with metaphase I of meiosis. Metaphase; the chromosomes line up across the center of the cell. Each chromosome is connected to a spindle fider at its centromere. Metaphase 1; spidle fibers attach to the chromosomes.
  1. A mixture in which one substance is distributed evenly in another is a(n). Solution.
  1. What do you think will happen when freshwater paramecium is placed in salt water?Shrink.
  1. Why is it sometimos impossible to detemine the genotype of an organism that has a dominant phenotype?Because genotype is inside and phenotype is outside.
  1. one parent is homozygous tall and the other parent is heterozygous tall. Make a Punnett square to determine what fraction of their offspring is expected to be heterozygous.50%
  1. Compare and contrast cellular respiration and photosynthesis.Photosynthesis; plants use of sun light to convert water and carbon dioxide into high-energy carbohydrates-sugars and starches-and oxygen, a waste product. Cellular respiration is the procces that releases energy by breaking down glucose and other food molecules in the presence of oxygen.
  1. Explain why codons can`t consist of two bases instead of three for each amino acid.Because a codon is a group of three nucleo tides on massenger RNA that specify a particular amino acid.
  1. The brother of a woman`s father has hemophilia. Her father was unaffected, but she worries that she may have an affected son. Should she worry?explain. Yes, this particular trait is passed from mother to son.
  1. What component of the plant cell walls is an important source of fiber for humans?Cellulose
  1. Atoms of two or more elements chemically combined are. Compounds.
  1. The function of the chromosomes is to carry the Genetic information.
  1. How can a family pedigree be helpful in determinig the probability of having a child with a genetic order?Because a graphic respresentation of genetic inheritance.
  1. What are the components of a DNA molecule?Phosphate group, nitrogenous bases and deoxyribose sugar.
  1. What are the nucleobases for a DNA molecule?nucleobases — cytosine (C), guanine (G), adenine (A), or thymine (T)
  1. The three parts of cell theory and the name scientists who is responsible for each part.

All living organisms are composed of one or more cells. (Schleiden)

The cell is the basic unit of structure and organization in organisms. ( Schwann)

Cells arise from pre-existing cells. (Virchow)

  1. The total amount of atoms in a molecule of sucrose C11H22O11 is.11+22+11=44
  1. What is the pH scale range for acidic solution?From below 7.
  1. What is the pHscale range for an alkaline solution?From above 7.
  1. The solute is the substance being dissolved in another substance.
  1. The solvent is the substance in which the solute is dissolved.

GENERAL BIOLOGY I STUDY SHEET III

  1. What type of compound is a lipid and name the three kinds of lipids?A fatty acid: fats, oils, and waxes.
  1. Sucrose, maltose and lactose aredisaccharides
  1. What are the differences betweendiffusion, osmosis, and facilitated diffusion?Diffusion; as a result, the particles tend to more from an area where they are more from an area where they are more concentrated to an area where they are less concentrated. Osmosis; is the diffusion of water through a selectively permeable membrane, happens only in water. Facilitated diffusion; movement of specific molecules across cell membrane through protein channel.
  1. What happens at the differences stages of meiosis?Meiosis I; each chromosome is replicated.

Meiosis II; the two cells produced by meiosis I now enter a second meiotic division.

  1. Explain how a molecule, a cell, a tissue, an organ, and an organ system are related.Moleculesmake uporganelles, which make upcells, which make uptissues, which make uporgans, which make uporgan systems, which make uporganisms.
  1. Bacteria, suchE. COLI, and related microorganisms are Prokaryotes
  1. The cell cycle includes phases besides mitosis.Interphase and cytokinesis.
  1. Describe a lipid molecule.Any one of a group of organic compounds including the fats, oil, waxes, andsteroids, Non polar and hydrophobic
  1. What is the difference between an inorganic compound and an organic compound?The maindifferenceis in the presence of a carbon atom;organic compoundswill contain a carbon atom (and often a hydrogen atom, to form hydrocarbons), while almost allinorganic compoundsdo not contain either of those two atoms. While mostinorganic compoundsdo not contain carbon, there are a few that do.
  1. Diffusion continues until there is no.Concentration gradient.
  1. What is another name for a heterozygous individual?Carrier.
  1. What class of molecule does sucrose belong to?Carbohydrates (sugar- disaccharide)
  1. What is the difference between hypertonic, hypotonic and isotonic?

Hypertonic solution is the solution in which the concentration of solute is more in the outside of the cell,than inside the

cytoplasm

Hypotonic-it is the solution in which the solutes inside the cell is more than the solutes outside of the cell..

Isotonic- It is the solution in which the effective osmole concentration is same as the solute concentration of the cell,it never

shrinks or burts the cell.

  1. Is all the energy produced in cellular respiration used by the cell? Explain. No,The energy is generally not needed immediately, so it is used to combine ADP with phosphate ions to form ATP molecules.