Usda ars gEM Field Day 2005
GEM MINI-NURSERY BOOK
GERMPLASM ENHANCEMENT OF MAIZE
Field Day - Sept. 22, 2005
DEMONSTRATION PLOT MAP
W
ENTRY NUMBERS RUN FROM NORTH TO SOUTH
76 150
RANGE 2
50% Tropical Top Crosses, Lines, and Breeding Crosses
75 1
RANGE 1
Breeding History and Top Cross Hybrids
Field History: Planted on May 9th, 2005
Fertilizer: Total: N 120 lbs/acre, P 40 lbs/acre, and K 40 lbs/acre
Herbicide: PPI: Harness 2 pt/acre and post: Laddock S-12 @ 1.5 pts/acre + Crop Oil @ 1.75 pts/acre
Insecticide: None
Germplasm Enhancement of Maize Project
USDA-ARS
North Central Regional Plant introduction Station
Ames, Iowa
September 22, 2005
The Germplasm Enhancement of Maize (GEM) project is a cooperative effort of the United States Department of Agriculture’s Agricultural Research Service (USDA-ARS), universities, private industry, international, and non-governmental (NGO) organizations to collaboratively broaden the germplasm base and develop enhanced germplasm from exotic sources. The GEM Project is administered through the USDA-ARS Plant Introduction Research Unit in Ames, IA and its Plant Science Research Unit in Raleigh, NC. The sources of germplasm include exotic temperate and tropical accessions identified by the Latin American Maize Project (LAMP), crossed with adapted proprietary inbreds provided by GEM cooperator companies as part of “in kind support” of the project. LAMP contributed most of the exotic germplasm for the GEM Project but GEM also utilizes other sources of public exotic germplasm such as from the National Plant Germplasm System (NCRPIS) maize collection at the North Central Regional Plant Introduction Station (NCRPIS). Presently GEM has cooperators from 19 private companies, 18 public, one NGO, and 10 international cooperators. Guidance to the GEM project is provided by the GEM Technical Steering Group (TSG) with 10 members representing private industry and the public sector.
Breeding history and GEM breeding methods (entries 1-20):
Corn breeding has an interesting history of germplasm enhancement through cyclic selection (pedigree selection, recurrent selection, etc) since the early 1900’s. Improvements include better yield, stalk lodging resistance, disease/insect resistance, and stress tolerance. Entries 1-20 are side by side observations of germplasm used in the US Corn Belt beginning with the original Stiff Stalk Synthetic developed by George Sprague in the early 1930’s. Phenotypic improvement can easily be seen beginning with the Stiff Stalk Synthetic (entry 1) followed by the release of B14 (entry 2), and B73 (entry 3) released in 1953, and 1972 respectively. A popular non-stiff stalk family includes Lancaster, and its derivatives Oh43 and Mo17 released in 1949, and 1964 respectively. The most popular hybrid of the 1970’s-1980’s was B73 x Mo17 (entry 12). Other heterotic groups such as Midland and Leaming are also shown in the demonstration plot. In the final stage of LAMP, the accessions were crossed to stiff stalk (SS) and non-stiff stalk (NS) testers, yield tested, and assigned to heterotic groups based on trial performance. Through the in kind support of private companies the accessions were then crossed to proprietary lines of either SS or NS heterotic groups to make breeding crosses for developmental breeding. The GEM breeding protocol is a modified pedigree method, and early generation testing starts at the S2 stage (first year trials), and S3 stage (second year trials). The testers used are elite proprietary lines. In the Midwest, the breeding focus is for 25% tropical breeding crosses, and 25% and 50% temperate breeding crosses. The GEM program in Raleigh, NC focuses on 50% tropical breeding crosses.
Recommended and re-test lines, and their topcross hybrids (entries 21-72 topcrosses; entries 92-130 inbreds)
GEM top crosses are planted in the east block entries 21-72. These crosses were made with recommended lines that were released to GEM cooperators for the past 2 years. Some of the recommended lines also have value-added traits (see section below). Also included in this section are GEM lines that are now available to the public. Public lines are bolded and include GEMS-0002, GEMS-0029, GEMS-0021, GEMS-0016, GEMS-0039, DE3, DE4, Tx204, Tx205, and W605S. The corresponding inbred for each top cross is planted in the adjacent west block entries 92-130. Two year trial data for the recommended lines are posted at each plot. Lines labelled “re-test” are in second year trials in 2005.
Value-added trait (VAT) lines and research: (entries 121-130; and top cross entries 21-30):
Methods:
Grain quality analysis is conducted in our labs in Ames managed by Sue Duvick, USDA-ARS. All VAT data was taken on seed derived from self pollinated lines. No VAT data is available for top crosses although we plan to collect top cross data in the future. Near infrared spectroscopy (NIR) analysis is done on shelled grain to determine protein, oil, and starch content. GEM target values include protein of 13%, oil 6%, and starch 75%. Amino acid analysis is being studied in collaboration with Paul Scott, USDA-ARS, Corn Insects and Corn Genetics Research Unit in Ames. A protein quality index is used based on the three limiting amino acids-methionine, lysine, and tryptophan. The method used for amino acid analysis is the microbial method reported by Scott et al. in 2004 (Maydica 49: 303-311). Starch thermal properties are analyzed by Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC) to determine functionality and potential for food and industrial applications. Further starch research is done by Dr. Jay-lin Jane, Iowa State Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition. Dr. Jane’s research includes the molecular analysis of amylopectin branching, enzymology for starch digestibility, and new lab methods to identify germplasm with “resistant” starch. Resistant starch is now receiving increased attention for human nutrition, diabetes, and obesity.
Results:
Lines with VAT’s are identified in the appendix and posted data are on signs. Five recommended GEM lines with protein levels above 13% include entries 123, and 127-130. One recommended GEM line had high methionine (entry 125), although three additional lines not planted in the demonstration had protein quality indices significantly above the two “normal” checks, B73 and Mo17. A handout is attached covering 3 year data for protein quality index (data from Paul Scott lab). Six recommended GEM lines had interesting DSC values for starch thermal properties (entries 121-124; 126-127). Dr. Jane’s preliminary work identified two lines with high starch digestibility; one of these lines is planted in the demonstration (entry 127).
Public Cooperator Research and released public GEM lines:
A new feature in 2005 is demonstration plantings of germplasm developed by public cooperators through Specific Cooperator Agreements (SCA’s). Full reports can be found on the GEM web site under Public Cooperator reports 2004.
Truman State University: Top crosses with Amylomaize VII lines (entries 38-39 top crosses; entries 112-113 lines- lines not released). Dr. Mark Campbell’s research is the development of 70% amylose lines using exotic germplasm. The 50% tropical breeding cross, GUAT209:S13 was found to be a source of modifier alleles to enhance amylose levels when combined with sources having the amylose extender allele, ae. Future research will include identifying and mapping the modifier allele(s) with molecular markers. The two lines planted in the demonstration had amylose levels close to 70% in 2004. Both lines are yellow. The tester used for the top cross was a proprietary white high amylose line. See Public Cooperator Report 2004, Campbell, on GEM web site.
University of Wisconsin: Top crosses with W605S, and a new experimental (entries 40-41 top crosses; entries 110-111 lines). Dr. Jim Coors is developing methods and germplasm to enhance silage yield and nutritional quality. Inbred W605S (a non-stiff stalk derived from the 25% breeding cross, AR17056:N1019) was released for its high milk production index per acre, and high neutral detergent fiber digestibility (NDFD). See Public Cooperator Report, 2004, Coors, on GEM web site, and Silage Breeding website, University of Wisconsin.
Cornell University: Top crosses with anthracnose resistant lines (entries 42-43 top crosses; entries 108-109 lines- lines not released). Dr. Margaret Smith’s research is in progress and lines are in second year top cross evaluation. Planted in the demonstration are lines derived from the SS source, CH04030:S0906, a 25% temperate breeding cross. Lines have been found with high levels of stalk rot resistance and yields approaching commercial check means. Sources of resistance were found in both SS and NS GEM germplasm (Public Cooperator Report 2004, Smith, on GEM web site).
Ohio State University: Top crosses with GEMS-0002 (entries 55-56 top crosses; entry 96 line). Dr. Richard Pratt developed GEMS-0002 under disease and stress environments in Ohio, with collaborative breeding and trial support from GEM private cooperators, and the USDA-ARS in Ames. GEMS-0002 is a SS line derived from the 50% exotic breeding cross, F8A(S):S09. GEMS-0002 is 2 days earlier flowering than B73 in Ames, and has fast dry down with good stress tolerance. The line was recently registered. See Pratt, R.C., L.M. Pollak, and K.T. Montgomery. 2005. Registration of maize germplasm line GEMS-0002. Crop Science 45:2130-2131.
University of Delaware: Top crosses with DE3, DE4, and several new experimental lines (entries 57-66 top crosses; entries 94-95 lines). DE3 and DE4 were developed by Dr. Jim Hawk. Both lines are NS and derived from the 50% tropical breeding cross, DKXL212:N11a. DE3 and DE4 had protein levels of 14.3 and 13.0 percent respectively. DE4 is also good source for gray leafspot resistance. (Maize VAT and disease data from UDEL release announcement). A manuscript is in press for registration of DE3 and DE4 in Crop Science (Hawk and Weldekidan).
Texas A&M University: Top crosses with Tx204 and Tx205 (entries 67-72 top crosses; entries 92 and 93 lines). Dr. Wenwei Xu’s research in Lubbock, TX focuses on the development of lines and breeding methods for abiotic stress tolerance. Tx204 and Tx205 are NS sister lines and derived from the 25% breeding cross, AR01150:N0406. Tx204 has a white cob, and Tx205 has a red cob. The lines have excellent silking ability; stay green; and are resistant to leaf firing under heat and drought stress. Both lines have good combining ability with B110, B113, and several proprietary SS’s. (Public Cooperator Report 2004, Xu, on GEM web site).
North Carolina State University: Top crosses with four released lines, GEMS-0029, 0021, 0016, and 0039 derived from 50% tropical exotic germplasm (topcross entries 77-80). The NC lines are not planted in the demonstration but can be viewed in our nursery. A manuscript is in press for twenty germplasm lines (Balint-Kurti, et al. Crop Science).
GEM lines derived from 50% tropical breeding cross (top cross entries 73-91):
Only the top crosses are planted. The lines are not planted in the demonstration plot but can be viewed in our nursery. Entries 73-76 were derived from Midwest programs, and entries 77-91 were developed in Raleigh, NC. Lines for topcross entries 77-80 are available public lines. Lines from entries 81-91 are recommended germplasm releases by Dr. Major Goodman for 2005. See GEM Yield Trail Data, Raleigh, NC, 2004 on GEM website.
GEM accessions and breeding crosses (entries 131-150):
Entries 131-150 are side by side plantings of GEM accessions and breeding crosses that involve these accessions. The purpose of this section is to show the type of developmental material used by GEM. There are 25% and 50% temperate and tropical breeding crosses. Entry 137 is the original parental material for the 50% temperate line, GEMS-0002 (entry 96); entry 141 is the parental material of the 25% tropical line, CHIS775:S1911b-120-001-B-B (entry 124); and entry 143 is the parental material of the 25% temperate line, CH05015:N1204-057-001-B-B (entry 128).
More information on the structure and organization of the GEM Project, membership, yield trial results, germplasm releases, and summaries of University and USDA-ARS research can be found on our web site, http://www.public.iastate.edu/~usda-gem/. Information and public availability of the LAMP accessions used by GEM can be found at the Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN) at the web site, http://www.ars-grin.gov.
GEM homepage: www.public.iastate.edu/~usda-gem Page 5 of 14
Usda ars gEM Field Day 2005
2005 GEM Field Day (Planted May 9th)Entry / Pedigree / Information / 50% Anth. / 50% Silk / Comments
History
1 / Original Stiff Stalk / 72 days / 77 days
2 / B14 / 78 days / 82 days
3 / B73 / 77 days / 84 days
4 / B110 / 81 days / 82 days
5 / Lancaster Sure Crop / 67 days / 70 days
6 / Mo17 / - / - / Delayed Planting
7 / Oh43 / 67 days / 74 days
8 / B57(Midland) / 80 days / 81 days
9 / CI31A(Midland) / 88 days / 89 days
10 / A218(Leaming) / 63 days / 74 days
11 / LH198xLH185 / 111-112 day maturity / 70 days / 70 days
12 / B73xMo17 / 115 day maturity / 72 days / 74 days
13 / AR17056 / 77 days / 82 days
14 / CUBA164:S20 / 80 days / 96 days
15 / CUBA164:S2012 / 77 days / 82 days
16 / CUBA164:S2012-459-001-B / 77 days / 80 days
17 / CUBA164:S2012-459-001-B/LH185 / 70 days / 74 days
18 / LH198xLH185 / 111-112 day maturity / 70 days / 70 days
19 / AR16035:S02-450-001-B-B/LH185 / 72 days / 74 days
20 / LH200xLH262 / 117-118 day maturity / 77 days / 79 days
Top Crosses & Lines
21 / CH05015:N1502-086-001/LH198 / Top Cross / 72 days / 74 days
130 / CH05015:N1502-086-001-B-B / 2005 Recomm line; high protein / 77 days / 78 days
22 / CUBA164:S2012-459-001-B/LH185 / Top Cross / 72 days / 74 days
129 / CUBA164:S2012-459-001-B / high protein / 77 days / 83 days
23 / CH05015:N1204-057-001-B/LH198 / Top Cross / 72 days / 72 days
128 / CH05015:N1204-057-001-B-B / 2005 Recomm line; high protein; high oil / 77 days / 77 days
24 / AR17056:N2025-574-001-B-B/LH198 / Top Cross / 72 days / 72 days
127 / AR17056:N2025-574-001-B-B / orange endosperm; starch properties; protein / 74 days / 77 days
25 / AR17056:N2025 Select # 03-B-B/LH198 / Top Cross / 72 days / 72 days
126 / AR17056:N2025 Select # 03-B-B / Starch properties / 74 days / 74 days
26 / CHIS740:S1411a-783-002-B/LH283 / Top Cross / 72 days / 72 days
125 / CHIS740:S1411a-783-002-B-B / 2004 Recomm line; methionine / 77 days / 78 days
27 / CHIS775:S1911b-120-001-B-B/LH185 / Top Cross / 72 days / 77 days
124 / CHIS775:S1911b-120-001-B-B-B / 2005 Recomm line; starch properties / 74 days / 77 days
28 / DKB844:S1601-003-002-B-B/LH185 / Top Cross / 74 days / 74 days
123 / DKB844:S1601-003-002-B-B-B / 2005 Recomm line; starch properties; protein / 82 days / 88 days