•The Agricultural Revolution 1.1
From hunting to farming to city life
•Objectives:
•To acquire vocabulary related to the study of history
•To examine how cultures changed as humans adapted to environmental shifts
•Dictionary of Terms
•Artifacts: Tools, clothing, works of art, weapons, and toys
•Archaeologist: a scientist who studies artifacts of early civilizations
•Archaeologists study artifacts.
•Anthropologist: a scientist who studies humankind in terms of:
•Their physical characteristics
•Their relation to the environment
•Their culture
•What is “culture”?
•A set of beliefs
•Knowledge
•Patterns of living
•What kind of lifestyle did early man have?
•Life on the Move
•Living off the Land
•The first people were probably hunter-gatherers who hunted for game or gathered seeds, nuts, fruits, and other plants in order to survive.
•In order to hunt bigger game they had to work together, make tools and communicate.
•Homo sapiens appeared!
•Homo sapiens may have first appeared in Africa and then spread to Europe and Asia.
•All people living today belong to the species Homo sapiens.
•In caves in Europe and Southwest Asia, anthropologists have found the remains of early Homo sapiens called Neanderthals.
•Vanishing Neanderthals!
•According to some scientists, Neanderthals may have lived about 35,000 to 130,000 years ago, during the Old Stone Age.
•They wore animal skins as clothing, used fire, and made more efficient tools than others before them.
•The Great Hereafter?
•When burying their dead, they buried meat and tools with them which meant they may have believed in some form of life after death.
•Eventually Neanderthals disappeared.
No one knows why . . .
•Cro-Magnon Artwork Survives!
(Cro-Magnons no longer exist.)
•Cro-Magnons were another kind of Homo sapiens who, according to some experts, appeared in Europe about 35,000 years ago.
•Their spear-throwers made them excellent hunters.
•They left artwork in caves in Spain and southern France. Cro-Magnons ceased to exist as a distinct type about 10,000 years ago.
•Review what you know--
•What are artifacts?
–Artifacts are: weapons, toys, tools, and works of art from a civilization.
•What is an archaeologist?
•An archaeologist is someone who studies artifacts to learn about early peoples and their cultures.
•An archaeologist is someone who studies artifacts to learn about early peoples and their cultures.
•What is an anthropologist?
•An anthropologist is someone who studies humankind in terms of
-physical characteristics,
-relation to the environment,
-and culture.
•What is “culture”?
•Culture is
–a people’s set of beliefs.
–a people’s knowledge.
–a people’s patterns of living.
•Who were the Neanderthals?
•The Neanderthals
•Lived about 35,000 to 130,000 years ago
•Buried items with their dead
•Used fire and tools
•Lived in Europe and Southwest Asia
•Eventually disappeared, but no one knows why
•Neanderthal and Cro-Magnon: Both are of the species Homo sapiens
•Who were the Cro-Magnon?
•Another kind of Homo sapiens who, according to some experts, appeared in Europe about 35,000 years ago.
•Cro-Magnon
•Their spear-throwers made them excellent hunters.
•Cro-Magnon
•They left artwork in caves in Spain and southern France. Cro-Magnons ceased to exist as a distinct type about 10,000 years ago.
•Paleolithic Age
•The Agricultural Revolution
Have ya heard, Ug? They’re practicing domestication over in the next valley!
•Stone Ages marked by new levels of tools and artifacts!
•Old Stone Age
-Lasted 2 million years ago to 12,000 years ago
-Also called “Paleolithic Age”
•Middle Stone Age
-Lasted to about 10,000 years ago
-Also called “Mesolithic Age”
•New Stone Age
-Lasted to about 4,000 years ago
-Also called “Neolithic Age”
•Paleolithic (Old Stone Age)
•Neanderthals and Cro-Magnon Man
•People were hunter-gatherers.
•Tools were made from chipped stone.
•Scientists believe that Earth has had periods of extremely cold weather (Ice Ages) with each period lasting from 20,000 to 140,000 years.
•Mesolithic (Middle Stone Age)
•People used bow and arrow, fishhooks, fish spears, and harpoons made from bones and antlers.
•People tamed dogs to hunt small animals.
•People hollowed out logs to make canoes for fishing in deeper water.
•Neolithic (New Stone Age)
•People shaped tools by grinding and polishing
•Used different kinds of stone and wood
•Began to settle in villages
•Began to develop agriculture
•Practiced domestication—the taming of animals such as cattle, goats, sheep, and pigs
•Major Breakthrough!
•People figured out that seeds can be planted and grow new plants!
•Invention of plow and use of fertilizer follow groundbreaking event!
•Shift from food gathering to food producing revolutionizes human life!
•The Neolithic Agricultural Revolution has begun!
•Quiz on pp. 4-8
1. List three types of artifacts.
•What is an archaeologist?
•An archaeologist studies artifacts.
•Define “culture.”
•Culture is a people’s
–Knowledge
–Set of beliefs
–Pattern of living
•Why do scientists believe that Neanderthals believed in life after death?
•Neanderthals buried their dead with food and tools.
•What did Cro-Magnon man leave in the caves of France?
•paintings
•What kind of lifestyle did early man have?
•Early humans were nomadic ---hunter-gatherers.
•What changed this lifestyle?
•The Neolithic Agricultural Revolution --- people learned to grow plants from seed.
•“Civilization is always older than we think, and under whatever sod we tread are the bones of men and women who also worked and loved, wrote songs and made beautiful things, but whose names and very being have been lost in the careless flow of time.”
Will Durant
The Life of Greece, p. 27.
•The Foundations of Civilization
•Objectives:
- What were the main characteristics of civilization?
- How did environment affect the development of civilizations?
•Why didn’t all people develop early civilizations?
•Not all people lived in areas with good climates and rich farmland.
•Farming led to development of civilizations along rivers
•The Big Four River valleys:
•Nile (Egypt)
•Tigris-Euphrates (Iraq)
•Indus River Valley (India)
•Huang (China)
•What is a “civilization”?
•A civilization is a complex culture that has at least three characteristics.
•List three characteristics of a civilization:
- Surplus food
- Towns and cities with some form of government
- Division of labor
•How did flooding, a dry season, and a hot climate lead to the rise of civilizations?
•Climate and Flooding
•Farmers built canals to irrigate fields during dry seasons.
•Farmers built dikes to hold back water during flooding.
•Both projects required people to work together. This led to the formation of governments.
•Again, this is why governments developed--
•Food surplus led to increased population.
•Increased population led to growth of towns and cities.
•Irrigation and building projects required people to organize and lead.
•Governments developed as people organized themselves to work as communities.
•What happens when there are more people and more food?
•The population increases as the supply of food increases.
•What do large numbers of people become?
•A labor force
•Why did early people learn to cooperate?
•People cooperated in order to build bigger projects.
•What did cooperation lead to?
Leadership
•Why did a division of labor develop?
•A surplus of food meant that some people could devote their time to making pottery or blankets or some other kind of work and trade for the food they needed. They did not have to go to the fields to grow their own food.
•Division of Labor, a characteristic of civilization
•Artisans: potters, weavers, carpenters, toolmakers, jewelry makers, stone masons
•Traders and merchants
•Government officials (beginning of upper class)
•List two more characteristics of civilization:
Calendars
•Cultural Diffusion
•As traders carried goods from city to city, ideas also spread along the trade routes from place to place. This was cultural diffusion.
•To review:
•Permanent settlements:
•People who lived in farming areas were more likely to form permanent settlements.
•In permanent settlements, people could specialize in jobs.
•People in permanent settlements usually advanced more rapidly.
•Next---
•Using metals
•All four river valley civilizations worked with metals. What were these metals and how were they different?
•Copper ruled!
•During the Neolithic Age (New Stone Age) copper was used to make tools and weapons.
•Copper is a soft metal.
•Copper was used around 4000 B.C.
•The Bronze Age
•Bronze is a mixture of copper and tin.
•Bronze is more durable than copper.
•Bronze was used around 3000 B.C.
•The development of bronze tools marked the end of the Stone Age.
•The Iron Age
•Iron making was a complicated process.
•Iron ore had to be heated to a very high temperature to separate the iron.
•People learned to work with iron around 1200 B.C.
•Iron is more durable than bronze.
•Why did women have higher status during the New Stone Age?
•Women were the farmers and food producers during this period.
•Why did women lose their status to men?
•The invention of the plow shifted the importance to men because farming with a plow required more muscle and strength.
•What were early religions often based on?
•Nature
•Review
•1. What are the three characteristics of civilization?
-surplus of food
-increase in size of towns and cities leading to governments
-division of labor
•What were the 4 river valley civilizations?
•Nile River valley—Egypt
•Tigris-Euphrates River valley-Iraq
•Indus River valley—India
•Huang River valley--China
•What were the three metals used by these civilizations and when were they used?
•Copper—c. 6000 B.C. Neolithic
•Bronze—c. 3000 B.C.
•Iron—c. 1200 B.C.
•What is “cultural diffusion”?
•Cultural diffusion is the spread of ideas from one community to another. Traders often carried these ideas as they traveled from one area to another.
•What is “division of labor”?
•When a surplus of food could be established, some people did not have to go to the fields to grow their own food. Instead they could concentrate on becoming potters, weavers, carpenters, etc. They became artisans who could trade the goods they made for the food they needed. This was “division of labor.”
•Eras listed chronologically:
•Stone Age: use of copper to make tools and weapons and development of agriculture
•Bronze Age: discovered way to mix tin and copper to make more durable tools and weapons
•Iron Age: discovered how to work with iron to make weapons and tools
•Common characteristics of four main early civilizations:
•All four were located on rivers which flooded periodically.
•All four had warm climates and dry seasons which required irrigation for crops.
•All four developed religious beliefs and family roles.
•All four used metals.
•Women’s Roles
•Women often enjoyed a higher status early in history because of their role as the food producers for the family. Women were probably the first farmers.
•When the plow was invented, men took over the role as the main food producers and women’s roles diminished.
•Early beliefs
•People often worshipped gods and goddesses associated with nature: the sun, rain, etc.
•“History” began as people began to keep written records.
•Trade led to ______?
•Trade led to cultural diffusion.
•Objectives
•To understand the changing role of government over time
•To describe the dominant characteristics of major civilizations (Egyptian)
•To explain how geography affected the development of Egypt
•To Understand Ancient Egypt You Have to
Know the Nile!
•The Nile is the longest river in the world—4,160 miles long.
•The Nile flows from south to north, emptying into the Mediterranean.
•Huh?
•When travelling north on the Nile, a boat is going downstream.
•When travelling south on the Nile, a boat is going upstream.
•What’s a “cataract” and why does it matter?
•Cataracts are rapids, and the Nile River had a series of six cataracts that make navigation by larger vessels impossible!
•Okay, so there are cataracts.
•So what?
•The fact that there are cataracts meant that the Ancient Egyptian civilization stretched along a 750-mile strip of the Nile . . . The distance before they hit the first cataract.
•The Deserts
•The Nile is bordered on both sides by deserts that helped protect the civilization from easy invasion.
•Land Bridge to Asia!
•The Isthmus of Suez is a narrow strip of land about 72 miles wide connecting the continent of Africa to the continent of Asia.
•Trade could be carried on between the Egyptians and parts of Asia, but the land bridge made the movement of large invading armies more difficult.
•The Rosetta Stone
Much of what is known about Ancient Egypt is due to the successful translation of the hieroglyphics used by the early Egyptians. The translation began when scholars were able to crack the code with the use of the Rosetta Stone—a slab of stone found by a young French officer in 1798 A.D.
•The Rosetta Stone
•Dynasties of Egypt
•A History of the “Great Houses” of Egypt
•Six Important Pharaohs
(“Pharaoh” means “Great House”)
•Menes
•Menes:c. 3200 B.C. united Upper and Lower Egypt
•He combined the red crown of Upper Egypt with the white crown of Lower Egypt.
•
Khufu (Cheops):
•Built the Great Pyramid
• Hatshepsut
•Female pharaoh who led Egypt to a period of prosperity and stability
•Wore the fake beard and dressed as a pharaoh
•Paid more attention to the common people than many pharaohs—built hospitals
•Built a temple at Thebes
•Ruled for 22 years
•Thutmose III
•Stepson of Hatshepsut
•Also led Egypt at a time of stability and prosperity
•Eliminated Hatshepsut’s name from monuments, etc.
•Akhenaten: The Heretic Pharaoh
•Original name was Amenhotep IV
•Built a new capital city in the middle of the desert
•Had a vision in which he saw there was only one god: Aten
•Tried to change Egypt from polytheistic to monotheistic
•Who was Nefertiti?
•Wife of Akhenaten and reputedly very beautiful
•Had six daughters
•Went with Akhenaten to Tel-Amarna, but some sources say she left him before he died. Uncertain as to why--
•Who was Tutankhamen?
•Son of Akhenaten and his secondary wife
•Successor to Akhenaten and became pharaoh when he was nine
•Probably manipulated by priests until he married and became 18
•Died suddenly
•Are treasures his or Akhenaten’s?
•Ramses II
•Powerful pharaoh during the New Kingdom
•Last of the strong pharaohs
•Built many monuments to himself
•Egyptian pharaohs were:
•God-kings
•All-powerful
•Made the laws, dispensed justice
•Helped by an extensive and efficient bureaucracy
•Egypt had two classes of society:
Upper class
•Pharaoh
•Pharaoh’s family
•Priests
•Scribes
•Government officials
Lower class:
•Peasants
•Farmers
•Periods of Egyptian History
•Old Kingdom—Pyramids and Great Sphinx
•First Intermediate Period—Civil War
•Middle Kingdom—New age of prosperity
•Second Intermediate Period—Hyksos ruled
•New Kingdom—Hatshepsut, Thutmose III, Akhenaton, Tutankhamen, Ramses II
•Decline of the Old and Middle Kingdoms
•Old Kingdom declined when nobles gained power and fought for control of Egypt. A civil war lasting a hundred years resulted.
•The Middle Kingdom declined as the nobles and priests again gained power.
•End of the Egyptian Empire
•Invasion of the Sea Peoples weakened the empire.
•Eventually the Egyptians were taken down by invasions of the Assyrians, Nubians, and Persians.
•By the 300s B.C. rule in Egypt by Egyptians had ended.
•What type of government did the Egyptians have?
•Absolute authority was in the hands of the god-king, the pharaoh.
•A bureaucracy organized and ran the government of the people.
•People existed to serve the god-king.
•Religion and government were mixed together.
•Was the government of the Egyptians good or bad?
•Ways it was good?
•Ways it was bad?
•End Notes
•No crown of a pharaoh has ever been found.
•The cobra and vulture on the pharaoh’s crown represent goddesses who represented Upper and Lower Egypt.
•The crown of Lower Egypt was red.
•The crown of Upper Egypt was white.
•The temple at Abu Simbel was threatened by a flood during the 1960s. It was taken down and moved to higher ground.
•Egyptian Life and Culture—2.2
•Main Idea: Egyptian culture was marked by long periods of stability built around their religion and geography.
•Stability of Egyptian Civilization
due to
environmental influence
•Life was based on the dependability of the annual Nile floods.
•Geographic isolation (deserts) protected Egypt from frequent invasions.
•Art
•Sculpture
•Paintings of everyday life
•Egyptians invented a calendar.
•Early calendar was based on movement of the moon.
•Realized the calendar wasn’t good enough.
•A Rising Star--
•The Egyptians created a calendar based on the rising of a bright star (Sirius) that appeared above the horizon just before the Nile flooded.
•Party Days and Party Nights
•The Egyptian calendar had 365 days: 12 months of 30 days each.
•The extra five days were used for feasting.
•To keep track of the years, Egyptians counted the years of the current pharaoh’s reign.
•Egyptians by the numbers--
•Developed a system of mathematics based on 10
•Used fractions and whole numbers
•Used geometry—Why?
•Egyptian Medicine and Magic
•Egyptians knew a lot about the human body.
•They could treat illnesses and preserve bodies after death.
•Egyptians also used “magic spells” to treat illnesses, but these often involved herbs and medicines.
•Education—Not for Everyone