IPC2010-31007
FREQUENCY DEPENDENCE OF FATIGUE AND CORROSION FATIGUE CRACK GROWTH RATE
Mohammad Hassan Marvasti*
Department of Chemical and MaterialsEngineering
University of Alberta
Edmonton, AB, Canada
Weixing Chen
Department of Chemical and MaterialsEngineering
University of Alberta
Edmonton, AB, Canada
Richard Kania
TransCanada Pipelines Limited
Calgary, AB, Canada
Robert Worthingham
TransCanada Pipelines Limited
Calgary, AB, Canada
Gregory Van Boven
Spectra Energy Transmission
Limited
Vancouver, BC, Canada
ABSTRACT
Corrosion fatigue and fatigue crack growth in air tests werecomparatively conducted on an X52 pipelines steel. Fatiguecrack growth rates in air were lower than corrosion fatiguecrack growth rates due to the absence of hydrogen andmechanical dormancy arisen from low temperature creep at lowcyclic frequencies. Mechanical dormancy can commonly occurduring operation of both oil and gas pipelines. Crack growth innear neutral pH environments can be well rationalized by acombined loading factor, (ΔK)2Kmax/fα, which reflects thesynergistic interaction between the mechanical driving forceand the hydrogen effects. Hydrogen plays a decisive role interms of crack growth in pipelines steels exposed to near neutralpH environments.
IPC2010-31032
PIPELINE GEO-HAZARD PREDICTION AND EARLY WARNING DURING SUMMERMONSOON BASED ON GIS TECHNOLOGY
Shaohui JIA
PetroChinaPipelineR&DCenter
Langfang, Hebei, China
ABSTRACT
In annual summer monsoon, geo-hazard is common. Monsoon-caused casualties and economic lossesthroughout the year accounted for 70% ~ 80% of the total annual losses. Also, geo-hazard is a serious threat forpipeline operators to manage. Over 12,000 kilometers of pipelines with crude oil, gas, and refined oil are operatedby PetroChina Pipeline Company. The pipelines, through sixteen provinces and cities, have been operated for overforty years. Geographic Information System (GIS) technology, as an effective spatial analysis tool, providesadvanced analysis for pipeline geo-hazard prediction and early warning during summer monsoon based on field dataand historical precipitation records.
After many years of research and applicaton of our prediction model of pipeline geo-hazard, an important linkbetween geo-hazard and rainfall is understood. Rainfall is the main triggering factor of geo-hazards such aslandslide and debris flow leading to heavy losses, especially rainstorm and heavy rainstorm. We use GIS technologyto perform spatial analysis with predicted rainfall data the next twenty-four hours and the data of pipeline geohazardsusceptibility, and predict the severity of pipeline impacts caused by geo-hazards during the next twenty-fourhours. Finally, the result is modified by existed geo-hazards data. The pipeline geo-hazard early warning is dividedinto five ranks which are displayed by different colors, and pipelines damaged by geo-hazards and protectionmeasures are also proposed.
During July 16 and 17 of 2009 years, we released geo-hazard early warning four rank of Lanzhou-Chengdu-Chongqing Oil Pipeline through PetroChina Pipeline Company web page( and thecommunication software of IM. The Lanzhou-Chengdu-Chongqing Oil Pipeline Company acted promptly with adetailed deployment and emergency plan to ensure pipeline safety.
IPC2010-31036
AN AUTOMATIC SEGMENTATION ALGORITHM USED IN PIPELINE INTEGRITYALIGNMENT SHEET DESIGN
Lei Guo
PetroChinaPipelineR&DCenter
Langfang,Hebei,China
Lijian Zhou
PetroChinaPipelineR&DCenter
Langfang,Hebei,China
Shaohui Jia
PetroChinaPipelineR&DCenter
Langfang,Hebei,China
Li Yi
PetroChinaPipelineR&DCenter
Langfang,Hebei,China
Haichong Yu
PetroChinaPipelineR&DCenter
Langfang,Hebei,China
Xiaoming Han
PetroChinaPipelineR&DCenter
Langfang,Hebei,China
ABSTRACT
Pipeline segmentation design is the first step to design alignment sheet. In this step, several rectangular boxes are used to cover pipeline and each box will become the basic unit of alignment sheet design. After studying various pipeline alignment sheet mapping technologies, the author found that traditional manual design method, which can take advantage of designers' subjectivity, causes low work efficiency. By reviewing and studying existing works at home and abroad, the author believed that it is possible and feasible to develop an automatic segmentation algorithm based on existing curve simplification algorithms to improve to improve the efficiency of pipeline section design and alignment sheet mapping. Based on several classical curve simplification algorithms, the author proposed the automatic segmentation algorithm, which automatically adjusts the location of rectangular boxes according to the number of pipeline/circle intersection points and pipeline/ rectangular box intersection points. Finally, through comparing time and result with the traditional manual
method, the author proved the algorithm’s effectiveness and feasibility.
IPC2010-31038
IMPROVEMENTS IN THE ACCURATE ESTIMATION OF TOP OF THE LINE INTERNAL CORROSION OF SUBSEA PIPELINES ON THE BASIS OF IN-LINE INSPECTION DATA
Luc Huyse
Chevron ETC
Houston, TX, USA
Albert van Roodselaar
Chevron ETC
Houston, TX, USA
John Onderdonk
Chevron Thailand E & P
Bangkok, Thailand
Boonchouay Wimolsukpirakul
Chevron Thailand E & P
Bangkok, Thailand
Jackson Baker
Chevron Thailand E & P
Bangkok, Thailand
Thomas Beuker
Rosen Inspection
Lingen, Germany
Johannes Palmer
Rosen Inspection
Lingen, Germany
Nija Amri Jemari
Rosen Inspection
Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
ABSTRACT
The cost for repair or replacement of subsea pipelines ismuch higher than for onshore pipelines. To a large extent, therepair or replacement decision hinges on the outcome offitness-for-service analyses that are in turn based on the resultsof in-line inspections. It is therefore of utmost importance toobtain in-line inspection data that are as accurate as possible. Ithas been reported in the literature that MFL tools maysignificantly exaggerate the localized wall loss for wet gas linessubject to top of the line corrosion.
This paper reports the results of a study on a Chevron assetthat was initiated to compare the performance of variousinspection methods. Upon completion of the in-line inspections,a section of the pipeline was recovered off the ocean floor andsubsequently replaced.The defect population of the recovered pipeline sectiontogether with the high-definition automated ultrasonic testing(AUT) results built the reference of the performance test ofseveral inline inspection techniques like magnetic flux leakage(MFL), ultrasonic (UT) and a recently developed technologyfor accurate measurement of shallow internal corrosion (SIC)that is based on eddy current (EC) technology. Theimprovements in defect sizing that resulted from thisinvestigation are reported.
IPC2010-31043
ANALYSIS OF STRESSES ON BURIED PIPELINE SUBJECTED TO LANDSLIDE BASED ON NUMERICAL SIMULATION AND REGRESSION ANALYSIS
Bing Han
PetroChinaPipelineR&DCenter
Langfang, Hebei, China
Jianbin Hao
School of Petroleum Engineering
SouthwestPetroleumUniversity, Chengdu, Sichuan,China
PetroChinaPipelineR&DCenter
Langfang, Hebei, China
Hongyuan Jing
PetroChinaPipelineR&DCenter
Langfang, Hebei, China
Jianping Liu
PetroChinaPipelineR&DCenter
Langfang, Hebei, China
Zhangzhong Wu
PetroChinaPipelineR&DCenter
Langfang, Hebei, China
ABSTRACT
The integrity of oil and gas pipelines is seriously impacted by landslides in tough terrain in western China. The quantitative assessment technology is an effective method for pipelines risk management under threat of geohazard. In order to establish the vulnerability assessment indexes system of pipelines subjected to landslides, the numerical simulation based on the finite element method is adopted to study the pipeline axial stresses. There are five kinds of calculation schemes considered by changing the geometrical sizes and inclination angles of landslide, the pipeline length passing through landslide and buried depth of pipeline, and the axial stresses and bending moments of pipeline can be obtained by means of numerical simulation for different calculation conditions under the every kind of scheme. In the study, regression analysis method is used to derive the axial stress equation of pipeline from calculation results of numerical simulation by taking into consideration the above five indexes. The feasibility and practicality of this equation are verified by the given example of a pipeline passing through a certain landslide in southwest China. The comparison analysis between the monitoring data and calculation results shows that the calculation values agree well with the monitoring data of pipeline axial stresses.
Key words: landslide; pipeline; stress analysis; numerical simulation; regression analysis
IPC2010-31044
IMPROVED FACILITIES TO PREVENT AND MITIGATE THE EFFECTS OF THE ACTIONS OF THIRD PARTIES
Jaime Fariñas
Transierra S.A.
Integrity Management Program & Corrosion
Responsible
Cristo Redentor Ave. Km. 4 ½, PO Box 6800
Santa Cruzde la Sierra, Bolivia
Phone: +591-3-3146229
Fax: +591-3-3410066
email:
Gary Nuñez
Transierra S.A.
Mechanical Maintenance Responsible
Cristo Redentor Ave. Km. 4 ½, PO Box 6800
Santa Cruzde la Sierra, Bolivia
Phone: +591-3-3146167
Fax: +591-3-3410066
email:
ABSTRACT
Transierra is a gas transportation company that owns and operates the Yacuiba - Rio Grande pipeline (GASYRG), 432 kilometers in length and 32 inches in diameter, which transports natural gas from southern Bolivia to the Rio Grande compression station (Santa Cruz), and is part of the gas export
system to Brazil.
In September 2008 amid a scene of political upheaval, social protests and roadblocks, Transierra suffered an intrusion that resulted in damage to the pipeline, fire in the safety block valve SDV-03, environmental damage and reduced transportation capacity.
With all the disadvantages of blocked roads, closed airports and lack of spare parts, fuel and equipment; the damage was repaired and the pipeline was up and running again in 60 hours. Given these circumstances, it became clear that there are sensitive points in the pipeline that are highly vulnerable to the actions of third parties.
This paper overviews the actions taken to the light of this new dynamic of social environment in the affected area of the pipeline. Alternatives were analyzed in order to make improvements in the protection of installations and to guaranty operational continuity.
This incident forced us to take action to prevent, anticipate and mitigate any malicious action of third parties. The purpose of this paper is to show our experience in the approach, conceptualization, design and fabrication of a prototype that would prevent and obstruct undesired access of third parties to improperly manipulate or damage the proper functioning of the safety valves elements, actuator and its
instrumentation, seeking to decrease the degree of risk exposure and increasing the level of safety of facilities.
KEYWORDS: Pipeline, Pipeline Integrity, Third Party Actions, Facilities Integrity, Facilities Improvements, Security.
IPC2010-31050
INTEGRITY MANAGEMENT OF ETHANOL PIPELINES
Narasi Sridhar
Det Norske Veritas Research & Innovation – USA
Dublin, OH – USA
Feng Gui
Det Norske Veritas - Columbus
Dublin, OH – USA
John Beavers
Det Norske Veritas - Columbus
Dublin, OH – USA
Abstract
Future biofuel mix may contain ethanol from cellulosic materials, butanol, and biodiesel from diverse sources. The anticipated variable mix introduces technical and business uncertainties to pipeline companies requiring a flexible risk management framework. The technical issues are outlined in this paper along with approaches to risk management. The bow tie approach is discussed as a method to assess overall risk and communicate it throughout an organization. Direct assessment methods and their applicability to biofuel pipelines are also discussed.
Keywords: biofuel, corrosion, stress corrosion cracking, steel, non-ferrous metals, elastomers.
IPC2010-31051
EFFECT OF ETHANOL CHEMISTRY ON SCC OF CARBON STEEL – RESULTS OF A ROUNDROBIN TESTING
Narasi Sridhar
Det Norske Veritas Research & Innovation – USA
Dublin, OH – USA
Feng Gui
Det Norske Veritas - Columbus
Dublin, OH – USA
Elizabeth Trillo
Southwest Research Institute
San Antonio, TX – USA
Preet M. Singh
Georgia Institute of Technology
Atlanta, GA – USA
ABSTRACT
The stress corrosion cracking (SCC) susceptibility of carbon steel in fuel grade ethanol varies as a function of major and minor constituents in ethanol. The results of a round-robin testing on six different ethanol batches are presented.
Significant variations in test results between the laboratories may result from apparently minor differences in test procedures. The variation in SCC susceptibility of different ethanol chemistries appear to be small.
Keywords: Fuel grade ethanol, stress corrosion cracking, steel.
IPC2010-31053
EFFECT OF LIQUID IMPURITIES ON CORROSIONOF CARBON STEEL IN SUPERCRITICAL CO2
Francois Ayello
Det Norske Veritas Research & Innovation – USA
Dublin, OH – USA
Kenneth Evans
Det Norske Veritas - Columbus
Dublin, OH – USA
Narasi Sridhar
Det Norske Veritas Research & Innovation – USA
Dublin, OH – USA
Ramgopal Thodla
Det Norske Veritas - Columbus
Dublin, OH – USA
ABSTRACT
The increasing urgency to mitigate global warming has driven many efforts to control green house gas emissions. One solution among many is carbon capture and storage. However, CO2 emitters are not necessarily in the close vicinity of potential geologic storage sites. In consequence CO2 will be transported from generation site to storage sites under high pressures. This will necessitate a network of pipelines gathering supercritical CO2 from diverse sources and transporting it through transmission lines to the storage sites.
These pipelines will be under corrosion risks, particularly because of possible carryover of trace impurities produced from the different sources, such as water, chloride, NOx, SOx, and O2. The effects of impurities on corrosion in supercritical CO2 have yet to be evaluated systematically. Corrosion of carbon steel associated with water and impurities in supercritical CO2 was studied by Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy in autoclaves. Five impurities were studied by introducing them in the liquid condensed phase: water, amine, HCl, HNO3 and NaOH. Results were analyzed in terms of the phase behavior and speciation.
Keywords: Amine, CO2 supercritical, corrosion, HCl, HNO3, impurities, NaOH.
IPC2010-31060
KOC’S INTEGRITY MANAGEMENT PROGRAM FOR NON-PIGGABLE PIPELINES- A CASE STUDY
Ashish Khera
Allied Engineers
213 New Delhi House,
27 Barakhamba Road,
New Delhi-110001,India
Phone: +91-11-23314928
Abdul Wahab Al-Mithin
Kuwait Oil Company- Inspection & Corrosion
P.O. Box 9758, Ahmadi
610008, Kuwait
Phone: +965-23981304
James E. Marr
TransCanada Pipeline Ltd.
450- 1st Street S.W.,
Calgary, Alberta
T2P 5H1, Canada
Phone: +403-920-5410
Shabbir T. Safri
Kuwait Oil Company-Inspection & Corrosion
P.O. Box 9758, Ahmadi
610008, Kuwait
Phone: +955-23861527
Saleh Al-Sulaiman
Kuwait Oil Company- Inspection & Corrosion
P.O. Box 9758, Ahmadi
610008, Kuwait
Phone: +965-23984392
ABSTRACT
More than half of the world's oil and gas pipelines are classified as non-piggable1. Pipeline operators are becoming aware there are increased business and legislative pressures to ensure that appropriate integrity management techniques are developed, implemented and monitored for the safe and reliable operation of their pipeline asset.
The Kuwait Oil Company (KOC) has an ongoing “Total Pipeline Integrity Management System (TPIMS)” program encompassing their entire pipeline network. In the development of this program it became apparent that not all existing integrity management techniques could be utilized or applied to each pipeline within the system. KOC, upon the completion of a risk assessment analysis, simply separated the pipelines into two categories consisting of piggable and non-piggable lines. The risk analysis indicated KOC‟s pipeline network contains more than 200 non-piggable pipelines, representing more than 60% of their entire pipeline system. These non-piggable pipelines were to be assessed by utilizing External Corrosion Direct Assessment (ECDA) for the threat of external corrosion. Following the risk analysis, a baseline external corrosion integrity assessment was completed for each pipeline.
The four-step, iterative External Corrosion Direct Assessment (ECDA) process requires the integration of data from available line histories, multiple indirect field surveys, direct examination and the subsequent post assessment of the documented results. This case study will describe the available correlation results following the four steps of the DA process for specific non-piggable lines. The results of the DA program will assist KOC in the systematic evaluation of each individual non-piggable pipeline within their system.
IPC2010-31079
A case study of the crack sizing performance of the Ultrasonic Phased Array combinedcrack and wall loss inspection tool on the Centennial pipeline, the defect evaluation,including the defect evaluation, field feature verification and tool performance validation(performed by Marathon Oil, DNV and GE Oil & Gas).
T. Hrncir.
Marathon Pipe Line LLC
539 South Main St
Findley, OH 419/306-4087
S. Turner
Marathon Pipe Line LLC
539 South Main St
Findley, OH 419/306-4087
SJ Polasik
DNV Columbus, Inc
5777 Frantz Rd
Dublin, OH43017
P. Vieth
BP E&P
501 Westlake Park Blvd MS 20.127C
Houston, TX77079-8696
D.Allen
GE Oil & Gas PII Pipeline Solutions
Lorenzstrasse 10,
D-76297 Stutensee, Germany
I.Lachtchouk
GE Oil & Gas PII Pipeline Solutions
Lorenzstrasse 10,
D-76297 Stutensee, Germany,
P. Senf
GE Oil & Gas PII Pipeline Solutions
Lorenzstrasse 10,
D-76297 Stutensee, Germany,
G. Foreman
GE Oil & Gas -PII Pipeline Solutions
4908 – 52nd Street SE
Calgary, AlbertaT2B 3R2, Canada
Tel: +1 403 204 5255
Email:
ABSTRACT
GE performed an ultrasonic phased-array (USCD DUO) in-line inspection (ILI) survey of a 24-inch and 26-inch products pipeline. The primary purpose of this ILI survey was to detect and characterize stress corrosion cracking (SCC). A dig verification was subsequently performed throughout 2008 in order to establish a higher level of confidence in the detection and depth-sizing capabilities of this technology. Presented herein is an overview of the USCD technology and experience, the method used for validating the ILI survey results, enhancements to the ILI data analysis, and the impact on managing the integrity of the subject line section.
IPC2010-31091
VALIDATION OF LATEST GENERATION EMAT IN-LINE INSPECTION
TECHNOLOGY FOR SCC MANAGEMENT
Jim Marr, TransCanada
450 – 1st Street S.W.,
Calgary, AlbertaT2P 5H1
Phone ++1-403- 920-5410,
Stephan Tappert, GE Oil & Gas PII Pipeline Solutions
Lorenzstrasse 10,
D-76297 Stutensee, Germany,
Phone ++49-7244/732-185,
Elvis San Juan Riverol, TransCanada
450 – 1st Street S.W.,
Calgary, AlbertaT2P 5H1