Supplementary material
Table S1. P-values associated with fixed effects in a series of univariate mixed models testing the effect of selection history (linetype: selected or control) on components of wheel running (distance, time, speed, and maximum speed while on wheels) and open-field behavior (OF; distance, thigmotaxis, number of boli, latency to enter center, and readings at walls and in the center) in a) 76 females and b) 78 males mice of the generation 61 of an ongoing laboratory selection experiment on voluntary wheel running.
Age / Age2 / Batch / Covariate / LinetypeFemales / Males / Females / Males / Females / Males / Females / Males / Females / Males
Distance on wheel / 0.4674 / 0.8730 / 0.1617 / 0.7868 / 0.5155 / 0.6547 / 0.4924 / 0.2646 / <0.0001 / <0.0001
Time on wheel / 0.9931 / 0.8247 / 0.1694 / 0.8179 / 0.6676 / 0.9065 / 0.7503 / 0.5263 / 0.0009 / 0.0010
Speed on wheel / 0.0827 / 0.0562 / 0.1145 / 0.4282 / 0.0461 / 0.0691 / 0.7880 / 0.8051 / 0.0002 / <0.0001
Max speed on wheel / 0.1141 / 0.0779 / 0.0282 / 0.2629 / 0.0217 / 0.0126 / 0.6332 / 0.8132 / 0.0001 / <0.0001
Distance in OF / 0.0781 / 0.0127 / 0.1391 / 0.1482 / 0.2324 / 0.0455 / 0.4593 / 0.8042 / 0.3053 / 0.0941
Thigmotaxis / 0.1107 / 0.7826 / 0.3670 / 0.7169 / 0.3731 / 0.9229 / 0.0240 / 0.0359 / 0.6555 / 0.8402
Number of boli / 0.5888 / 0.3707 / 0.8346 / 0.6171 / 0.7731 / 0.3407 / 0.6696 / 0.4356 / 0.1937 / 0.2784
Latency center / 0.2237 / 0.7247 / 0.5680 / 0.7482 / 0.1830 / 0.9616 / 0.2640 / 0.0413 / 0.1069 / 0.6318
Rearing at walls / 0.2597 / 0.0076 / 0.7530 / 0.7025 / 0.3107 / 0.0070 / 0.8259 / 0.9114 / 0.5111 / 0.0810
Rearings in center / 0.9924 / 0.8492 / 0.3125 / 0.2517 / 0.2321 / 0.6942 / 0.0473 / 0.0487 / 0.3283 / 0.0913
Table S2. Descriptive statistics, including simple means (for each sex), for different aspects of locomotor behavior across 20 inbred strains of mice (average per strain) and 156 mice (76 females and 78 males) used in this study. Mb = body mass, OF = open-field. Wheel-running data are presented separately for High Runner (HR) and control (C) mice.
Females / Males
Mean / sd / Min / Max / CV / Mean / sd / Min / Max / CV
Lightfoot / Mb on wheel / g / 18.55 / 2.96 / 12.80 / 24.10 / 0.16 / 22.76 / 4.26 / 15.60 / 30.60 / 0.19
Lightfoot / distance on wheel / km/day / 5.71 / 3.35 / 0.44 / 12.40 / 0.59 / 5.04 / 2.90 / 0.03 / 9.87 / 0.57
Lightfoot / duration on wheel / min/day / 217.45 / 131.84 / 26.90 / 613.00 / 0.61 / 214.13 / 124.20 / 4.51 / 548.00 / 0.58
Lightfoot / speed on wheel / m/min / 24.32 / 5.54 / 14.40 / 32.90 / 0.23 / 22.31 / 6.64 / 9.01 / 31.90 / 0.30
Wahlsten / Mb in OF / g / 19.85 / 4.24 / 12.90 / 28.50 / 0.21 / 23.89 / 4.62 / 14.00 / 32.70 / 0.19
Wahlsten / distance in OF / cm / 2418 / 765 / 964 / 3698 / 0.32 / 2320 / 777 / 679 / 4110 / 0.34
Wahlsten / thigmotaxis / % / 78.47 / 7.74 / 63.70 / 92.40 / 0.10 / 78.62 / 6.30 / 61.40 / 88.00 / 0.08
Wahlsten / boli in OF / pellet / 2.02 / 0.98 / 0.38 / 3.80 / 0.48 / 3.07 / 1.47 / 0.20 / 5.70 / 0.48
This study / Mb / g / 23.50 / 2.12 / 19.40 / 27.90 / 0.09 / 29.14 / 3.61 / 20.30 / 38.10 / 0.12
This study / distance on wheel (C) / km/day / 4.51 / 1.51 / 1.06 / 7.91 / 0.33 / 3.54 / 1.54 / 0.55 / 7.28 / 0.44
This study / distance on wheel (HR) / km/day / 14.93 / 3.71 / 5.13 / 23.78 / 0.25 / 13.80 / 3.17 / 6.08 / 19.08 / 0.23
This study / duration on wheel (C) / min/day / 406.1 / 78.22 / 227.5 / 568.5 / 0.19 / 324.2 / 90.67 / 144.0 / 480.0 / 0.28
This study / duration on wheel (HR) / min/day / 532.4 / 81.29 / 408.5 / 759.0 / 0.15 / 525.8 / 94.85 / 358.5 / 783.5 / 0.18
This study / speed on wheel (C) / m/min / 10.97 / 2.93 / 4.27 / 19.82 / 0.27 / 10.60 / 3.03 / 3.54 / 16.77 / 0.29
This study / speed on wheel (HR) / m/min / 28.04 / 6.10 / 12.37 / 42.43 / 0.22 / 26.22 / 4.04 / 17.00 / 33.98 / 0.15
This study / max speed on wheel (C) / m/min / 22.14 / 4.56 / 12.32 / 35.84 / 0.21 / 21.62 / 4.12 / 10.08 / 29.68 / 0.19
This study / max speed on wheel (HR) / m/min / 44.24 / 6.94 / 33.60 / 58.24 / 0.16 / 42.53 / 5.42 / 33.60 / 56.00 / 0.13
This study / distance in OF / cm / 2418 / 571.44 / 903.85 / 3811 / 0.24 / 2355 / 527.07 / 990.76 / 3812 / 0.22
This study / thigmotaxis / % / 281.39 / 14.24 / 219.13 / 302.13 / 0.05 / 281.40 / 11.60 / 244.33 / 302.20 / 0.04
This study / boli in OF / pellet / 1.72 / 2.00 / 0.00 / 9.00 / 1.16 / 1.63 / 1.68 / 0.00 / 6.00 / 1.03
This study / latency center / s / 106.73 / 111.74 / 0.00 / 300.00 / 1.05 / 85.31 / 105.37 / 0.00 / 300.00 / 1.24
This study / rearings wall / number / 49.78 / 13.33 / 6.00 / 86.00 / 0.27 / 50.40 / 14.13 / 4.00 / 76.00 / 0.28
This study / rearings center / number / 5.80 / 6.37 / 0.00 / 30.00 / 1.10 / 5.09 / 6.35 / 0.00 / 30.00 / 1.25
Table S3. Pairwise correlations estimated at the level of line means (above diagonal) and individuals (below diagonal) for components of wheel running (distance, time, average speed, and maximum speed) and open-field behavior (OF; distance, thigmotaxis, number of boli, latency to enter center, and readings at walls and in the center) in a) females and b) males from generation 61 of an ongoing selection experiment for high voluntary wheel running (Swallow et al. 1998). To estimate the correlations after taking the effects of covariates and selection history (linetype) into account, we extracted the best linear unbiased predictors (BLUP) for line estimates and residuals for individual estimates and evaluated the pair-wise correlation between each pair of traits. Shaded areas of the table indicate the correlations of interest (between 4 and 6 components of wheel running and open-field behavior, respectively). To address the concern of an inflated Type I error in this case, we reduced our α level to P 0.01 (indicated in bold); only one of the correlations of interest is then statistically significant.
Distance on wheel / -0.646 / 0.994 / 0.932 / -0.798 / 0.389 / 0.716 / 0.033 / -0.291 / 0.274
Time on wheel / 0.552 / -0.685 / -0.675 / 0.124 / -0.713 / -0.198 / -0.525 / -0.234 / 0.451
Speed on wheel / 0.820 / 0.142 / 0.913 / -0.774 / 0.422 / 0.716 / 0.041 / -0.280 / 0.229
Max speed on wheel / 0.685 / 0.083 / 0.869 / -0.609 / 0.456 / 0.717 / 0.225 / 0.020 / 0.280
Distance in OF / -0.016 / -0.018 / -0.051 / -0.016 / -0.077 / -0.690 / 0.337 / 0.668 / -0.574
Thigmotaxis / -0.070 / -0.260 / 0.000 / 0.022 / 0.330 / 0.032 / 0.853 / 0.498 / -0.432
Number of boli / 0.008 / 0.064 / -0.002 / 0.034 / -0.120 / -0.071 / -0.312 / -0.249 / 0.766
Latency center / 0.105 / -0.039 / 0.161 / 0.215 / 0.255 / 0.393 / -0.005 / 0.805 / -0.592
Rearing at walls / -0.053 / -0.119 / -0.071 / -0.081 / 0.596 / 0.507 / 0.081 / 0.224 / -0.377
Rearings in center / -0.021 / 0.000 / -0.025 / -0.016 / -0.067 / -0.221 / 0.224 / -0.065 / -0.045
b) males / Distance on wheel / Time on wheel / Speed on wheel / Max speed on wheel / Distance in OF / Thigmo-taxis / Number of boli / Latency center / Rearings at walls / Rearings in center
Distance on wheel / 0.625 / 0.492 / 0.103 / -0.386 / 0.010 / 0.408 / -0.192 / -0.462 / -0.185
Time on wheel / 0.774 / -0.269 / -0.534 / 0.155 / -0.307 / -0.157 / -0.528 / -0.833 / -0.367
Speed on wheel / 0.698 / 0.259 / 0.890 / -0.585 / 0.633 / 0.485 / 0.519 / 0.315 / -0.006
Max speed on wheel / 0.544 / 0.205 / 0.871 / -0.601 / 0.798 / 0.333 / 0.698 / 0.488 / -0.079
Distance in OF / -0.271 / -0.159 / -0.309 / -0.268 / -0.240 / -0.328 / -0.027 / 0.137 / -0.047
Thigmotaxis / 0.022 / -0.026 / 0.126 / 0.104 / 0.170 / 0.375 / 0.914 / 0.498 / -0.525
Number of boli / 0.067 / -0.080 / 0.143 / 0.046 / -0.004 / -0.046 / 0.447 / 0.333 / -0.064
Latency center / -0.175 / -0.150 / 0.023 / 0.042 / 0.087 / 0.400 / -0.013 / 0.789 / -0.430
Rearing at walls / -0.133 / -0.160 / -0.038 / -0.110 / 0.488 / 0.223 / 0.055 / 0.138 / -0.003
Rearings in center / 0.012 / -0.090 / 0.060 / 0.002 / -0.234 / -0.249 / 0.146 / -0.124 / -0.011
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