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NAME______PERIOD______

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Label Mississippi River and trace it in blue
Label the Appalachian Mts., Rocky Mts., Sierra Nevada Mts. and shade over them in brown
Label the Great Lakes and color them blue
Label the Great Plains in RED

WESTWARD EXPANSION:

The U.S. government wanted to satisfy their idea of

MANIFEST DESTINY or that they had the God-given right to

expand. However, many Americans were afraid to go out west. They were afraid of the NATIVE AMERICANS out west and the horrifying tales they

had heard about them.

Therefore the U.S. government had to find a way to lure people out west. Congress passed the HOMESTEAD ACT, which gave 160 acres

of land to any citizen that agreed to farm the land for 5 years. This made a lot of people really want to go west, but they were still afraid. The government decided to take some measures to make it safer for people to travel out west.

1)They decided to move the Native American Indians onto

RESERVATIONS. On these, the Indians were forced to cut

their hair, give up their NOMADIC lifestyle and live in houses,

convert to CHRISTIANITY, learn English, go to white man’s

schools, and learn to farm.

2)President Lincoln signed the Pacific Railway Act which paid two railroad companies to build the

TRANSCONTINENTAL RAILROAD.

The companies were the Central Pacific which began in Sacramento, CA and the Union Pacific which began in Omaha, NE. They were each given $48,000 and 6,400 acres of land per mile of track built.

The people that went out west were called PIONEERSor settlers

or homesteaders. Many of them settled the area of the U.S. known as the

GREAT PLAINS. This area lies between the Mississippi

River and the Rocky Mountains. Here, there were few trees. People were forced to make their homes out of SOD or a grass/mud mixture. These people were called SODBUSTERS.

Some of the technologies used on the Great Plains were: barbed wire, wind mills, and grain elevators. Why were these needed on the Great Plains?

KEEP OUT WILD ANIMALS AND COWBOYS, PRODUCE ELECTRICITY, AND SHIP GRAIN BACK EAST

What does the government want from the west?

RESOURCES

TURN TERRITORIES INTO STATES

What are three things the government could do to get people to go west?

1.) HOMESTEAD ACT - TO LURE PEOPLE OUT WEST WITH FREE LAND.

2.) BUILD RAILROADS - TO HELP PEOPLE GET OUT WEST EASIER, FASTER, AND CHEAPER.

3.) PUT NATIVE AMERICANS ON RESERVATIONS - SO SETTLERS WOULDN’T BE AFRAID TO MOVE OUT WEST.

What did the buffalo mean to the Native Americans?

SURVIVAL

Document 1:

1.) List the differences between the two pictures.

ON THE LEFT TOM TORLINO HAS DARK SKIN, LONG HAIR; HE’S WEARING INDIAN CLOTHES; HE’S WEARING A LOT OF JEWELRY; IN THE PICTURE ON THE RIGHT THE HE IS LIGHTER SKINNED, SHORT HAIR, IN A SUIT AND TIE, AND NO JEWELRY.

2.) What is the reason for these differences?

WHEN TOM TORLINO WENT TO THE “INDIANSCHOOL”, HE WAS NOT OUTSIDE HUNTING ANY MORE SO HIS SKIN BECAME LIGHTER. AT SCHOOL, HE WAS FORCED TO CHANGE HIS CLOTHES, JEWLERY, AND HAIR, TO BECOME MORE “WHITE” OR “CIVILIZED”.

FOR EACH OF THE PICTURES BELOW, PLEASE EXPLAIN HOW THEY LED TO

DE-INDIANIZATION.

Present-day Native American Struggles:

Document 2a:

Under the Treaty with the Cheyenne and Arapaho; October 14, 1865

[These] lands shall be selected under the direction of the Secretary of the Interior within the limits of country hereby set apart as a reservation for the Indians parties to this treaty, and shall be free from assessment and taxation so long as they remain inalienable.

Document 2b:

Native Americans Call for Unity and Dialogue at Weekend Conference

Cornell Chronicle Vol. 28, Number 3, September 5, 1996

By Jill Goetz

For the more than 130 men, women and children from the Six Nations of the Iroquois Confederacy and some other nations who attended the "Indian Economic Futures" conference at Cornell last weekend, no clear answers were provided and no detailed strategies outlined for fighting what they believe is the most serious threat to their sovereignty in over 100 years: states' attempts to tax them.

Native Americans' tax-exempt status, as outlined in the U.S. Constitution, has been a growing thorn in the side of many state legislators and non-Native business owners especially over the past 15 years, as tax-exempt bingo halls, gas stations and smoke shops have taken root in the territories of the Six Nations (Seneca, Cayuga, Oneida, Onondaga, Mohawk and Tuscarora).

New YorkState, in particular, has attempted to collect taxes from Native businesses. In 1994, a state judge gave New York 120 days to begin collecting these taxes and said there will be military consequences if the targeted Native communities don't comply.

"I think what is happening right now is the gravest economic threat we have faced since the loss of our lands," said Robert Porter, director of the Tribal Law and GovernmentCenter at the University of Kansas.

"Right now, New YorkState is attacking us with their taxation, with their destruction of a fragile economy that we're just beginning to rebuild," said Kakwirakeron, a member of the First Nations Dialogue Team. "But if we can't get them to cease and desist peacefully, we will have failed. The warriors are only the last resort; only when everything else has failed must men take their responsibility and do whatever is necessary for a just resolution.

"The bridge to our future is economic development . . . and if [states] come after us with brute force, we will not back down; we will fight back."

1.)What did the original agreement between Native Americans and the US government say about taxes?

THEY DON’T HAVE TO PAY ANY AS LONG AS THEY STAY ON THE RESERCVATION

2.)In the article, what are the Native Americans trying to stop?

THE STATES’ ATTEMPTS TO TAX THEM ON THE RESERVATION

3.)What force does the government threaten they will use if the Natives refuse to pay?

MILITARY

IMMIGRATION

OLD IMMIGRANTS:

TIME PERIOD: 1820-1880

CAME FROM: NORTHERN WESTERN EUROPE

IRISH CAME DUE TO: POTATO FAMINE

SETTLED ON: GREAT PLAINS

IRISH FACED JOB DISCRIMINATION

NEW IMMIGRANTS:

TIME PERIOD: 1880-1920

CAME FROM: SOUTHERN AND EASTERN EUROPE

CAME FOR: FREEDOM and JOBS

SETTLED IN: CITIES

FACED DISCRIMINATION WITH THE: QUOTA SYSTEM

DOCUMENT 3:

What is the message of this cartoon?

It is not fair for people to stop immigrants from coming to the US since their family members were once immigrants

PROPAGANDA-PULL FACTORS

Who might have used propaganda to encourage people living in Europe to come to the U.S? Why?

Government – settle the West

Factory owners – jobs

Family – lonely

Some of the things told to the immigrants:

Land is free and easy to get, jobs for everyone, lots of freedom and opportunity, “streets are paved with gold”

Document 3:

“Give me your tired, your poor,

Your huddled masses yearning to breathe free,

The wretched refuse of your teeming shore.

Send these, the homeless, tempest-tost, to me,

I lift my lamp beside the golden door!”

--Emma Lazarus (found in the base of the statue of liberty)

wretched-horrible, refuse-not wanted, teeming-swarming, tempest-tost-stormy

1) According to this poem, who is being invited to the golden door?

EVERYONE

2) What is the golden door?

3) What is the message of this poem?

ALL IMMIGRANTS ARE WELCOME TO THE US

Document 5:

At age 16, Lester Tom Lee immigrated in 1935 by himself to the United States. He was detained at least 2 months at Angel Island. He joined his father in San Francisco and eventually moved to Houston, where he worked as a grocer, a wholesale meat vendor and in real estate. Now 79, Lee is retired.

* * *

"We ate vegetables twice a day and some very rough rice, very hard to swallow. I was a growing boy and hungry."

"There were birds outside the wire fence. My hands were small enough I could grab their necks and kill them. We used rice to attract the birds to us. We cleaned the birds in a toilet. Another boy had gotten some matches, somehow. Someone else had a knife. We gathered branches and we got newspaper and rolled it like wood to make a fire. We barbecued birds that way, when the guards weren't around. It was the only tasty thing we could get."

"The main reason I was detained so long was that my father and I gave the inspectors different dates about when I departed China. The Chinese lunar calendar is about a month off from the American calendar! Ay! So my father hired a lawyer to get me out. Sometimes I cried because I missed my family and my friends."

"Two men killed themselves, hung themselves. I went to the bathroom one morning and they were there. Maybe it was with a bedsheet. I screamed. I ran back to the barrack. They were probably about to be deported. I think one was about 30 years old, the other one 40."

"Sometimes I wondered why we all came over here for that kind of treatment. Sometimes I just wanted to go home because they treated us like criminals. We were only immigrants."

--- Lester Tom Lee

Based on what Mr. Lee shares, what must life have been like for him on Angel Island?

Scary, not enough food, prison-like, depressing

Compare and contrast the experiences people had at Ellis Island and Angel Island.

Both - processing centers, can be detained for medical or legal issues

Angel Island – harsh conditions, not enough food, treated like criminals

Document 6:

1)According to the chart, what are two reasons Americans hated immigrants?

WORKED AS STRIKEBREAKERS, SEGREGATED THEMSELVES IN GHETTOS

2)What did Americans hate about immigrants in the jobs category?

WORKED AS STRIKEBREAKERS

3)What were the results of this hatred?

LAWS RESTRICTING IMMIGRATION

4) What does Nativism have to do with this?

NATIVISTS DIDN’T WANT ANY NEW IMMIGRANTS SO THEY CONVINCED THE GOVERNMENT TO PASS ANTI-IMMIGRATION LAWS

5) How did immigration help industrialization?

Immigration allowed industrialization to grow rapidly due to the cheap labor the immigrant provided.

Document 7:

To many late nineteenth century Americans, he [Boss Tweed] personified [represented] public corruption. In the late 1860s, William M. Tweed was the New York City's political boss. His headquarters, located on East 14th Street, was known as Tammany Hall. He wore a diamond, orchestrated [organized] elections, controlled the city's mayor, and rewarded political supporters. His primary source of funds came from the bribes and kickbacks that he demanded in exchange of city contracts. The most notorious example of urban corruption was the construction of the New York County Courthouse, begun in 1861 on the site of a former almshouse.

Officially, the city wound up spending nearly $13 million - roughly $178 million in today's dollars - on a building that should have cost several times less. Its construction cost nearly twice as much as the purchase of Alaska in 1867.

The corruption was breathtaking in its breadth and baldness. A carpenter was paid $360,751 ($4.9 million) for one month's labor in a building with very little woodwork. A furniture contractor received $179,729 ($2.5 million) for three tables and 40 chairs. And the plasterer, A tammy functionary, Andrew J. Garvey, got $133,187 ($1.82 million) for two days' work; his business acumen earned him the sobriquet "The Prince of Plasterers." Tweed personally profited from a financial interest in a Massachusetts quarry that provided the courthouse's marble. When a committee investigated why it took so long to build the courthouse, it spent $7,718 (roughly $105,000 today) to print its report. The printing company was owned by Tweed.

1) Who is Boss Tweed?

NYC’s POLITICAL MACHINE BOSS

2) What are some examples of corruption?

PEOPLE WERE PAID WAY TOO MUCH MONEY FOR THE WORK BEING DONE. EX: 2.5 MILLION DOLLARS FOR MAKING 3 TABLES AND 40 CHAIRS!!

Read p. 609 and explain the Civil Service Reform Act and why was it necessary?

PEOPLE TOOK EXAMS FOR THESE JOBS TO MAKE SURE THEY WERE QUALIFIED AND NOT GIVEN TO LOYAL SUPPORTERS OR FRIENDS

Document 8:

While most remember Tammany Hall as a bastion [supporter] of corruption, it is essential to understand that "Boss" Tweed and the Tammany machine were fundamental in giving immigrants a voice in New York politics. The members of Tammany Hall recognized the critical importance of constituent support and expanded their political base by helping immigrants find work, heat, and food, in addition to gaining quick citizenship. As a pro-building machine, Tammany Hall would speed up the process of immigrant naturalization in order to gain voter support for public structures like the BrooklynBridge. Later, jobs would be distributed to the very immigrants who had supported the Tammany politicians.

Now put yourself in their shoes. Imagine you are a poor immigrant in the U.S.You arrive in New York. You have little money and are repeatedly denied employment because of your ethnicity. Then one day you meet a group of people who promise you citizenship and steady employment. All they ask in return is a vote on their behalf. What would you do? For many new Irish, German, and Jewish immigrants, Tammany Hall was a source of hope and a means to survival.

Next to Tammany Hall, no other political group at the time was more willing to serve immigrants, help them find jobs, or provide them with a form of welfare. Tammany Hall's progressive politics also helped the city to build sewers, Central Park, pubs, and the Museum of Natural History. Most of the political victories attributed to Tammany Hall were achieved through consistent attention to voter needs. New residents to the US,then, became devoted to Tammany Hall and were willing to turn a blind eye to the fraudulent practices that characterized the party.

1) How did Tammany Hall help immigrants?

HELPED THEM FIND WORK, HEAT, FOOD, AND HELPED THEM TO BECOME US CITIZENS

2) What else did the city do to help people?

BUILTSEWERS, CENTRAL PARK, PUBS, AND THE MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY.