NAME: ______PERIOD: ______DATE: ______

FIRST SEMESTER A.P. WORLD HISTORY EXAM

(Covering the Periods through 1450)

  1. As compared with Paleolithic and Neolithic societies, the agriculture of civilizations
  1. Totally replaced hunting and gathering.
  2. Permitted migration.
  3. Could not adapt to a wide range of climates and environments.
  4. Limited human exposure to and death rates from diseases.
  5. Changed man’s physical environment.
  1. The period of the Neolithic Revolutions and river valley civilizations ended when
  1. Widespread invasions and new technologies led to the rise of large empires.
  2. Various civilizations first established contacts between the regions.
  3. Iron was introduced.
  4. The civilizations developed writing.
  5. Epidemic diseases destroyed the first civilizations.
  1. The first truly revolutionary transformation of human society was
  1. The Agricultural Revolution.
  2. The Black Death.
  3. The First Global Age.
  4. The Industrial Revolution.
  5. The Russian Revolution.
  1. In most ancient and classical civilizations and societies, priests developed considerable social power and influence because they
  1. Controlled agriculture.
  1. Dominated government.
  2. Interpreted the gods’ wishes and placated the deities.
  3. Owned the land.
  4. Regulated trade between cities and regional centers.
  1. Which of these is an example of patriarchal society in the classical world?
  1. Young men went to live with their wives’ families.
  2. After marriage, a woman moved to the residence of her husband’s family.
  3. Family descent and property inheritance traced through the female line.
  4. A woman could have had more than one husband.
  5. Women and men had equal legal rights as written into the first law codes.

FIRST SEMESTER A.P. WORLD HISTORY EXAM

(Covering the Periods through 1450)

  1. Periodic nomadic invasions in the early history of Eurasia
  1. Caused disruptions, but facilitated innovations and prompted synthesis.
  2. Led to the collapse of civilization.
  3. Were easily beaten back by the technologically advanced sedentary peoples.
  4. Caused mass popular migrations throughout Eurasia.
  5. Failed to upset the established political and social patterns of most regions.
  1. Unlike Sumer and Egypt, the IndusValley or Harappan civilization
  1. Became a geographic center for a unified, continuous culture, lasting millennia.
  2. Was secure from nomadic incursions and invasions.
  3. Never developed a military social class.
  4. Had a system of writing that has never been translated.
  5. Developed a monotheistic religion.
  1. Compared with river valley cultures in Egypt and Mesopotamia, civilization in China
  1. Probably developed after civilizations in the NileValley and Southwest Asia.
  2. Predates the rise of civilization in both Egypt and Mesopotamia.
  3. Developed simultaneously with Egypt and Mesopotamia.
  4. Did not rely on heavy irrigation, as year-round water was plentiful.
  5. Has no verifiable historic origins and left no written records.
  1. Classical China and the post-classical Muslim world are similar in that unity and cultural identity were provided by
  1. Divine monarchs.
  2. Shared religious ceremonies.
  3. Commonalities of the spoken or written language.
  4. Buddhism.
  5. Contacts through international or interregional trade.
  1. In order to counterbalance feudalism and its tendency to decentralize ruling power, and in order to maintain their influence, leaders in Japan, China, and Western Europe
  1. Developed the Mandate of Heaven to give them authority.
  2. Created strong national armies capable of suppressing aristocratic independence.
  3. Fostered common religions in which the ruler was the chief deity and head priest.
  4. Encouraged widespread fear about the constant threats of nomadic invasions.
  5. Owned all the land and granted nobles land tenure only for their lifetimes.

FIRST SEMESTER A.P. WORLD HISTORY EXAM

(Covering the Periods through 1450)

  1. Peasants in Zhou China, serfs in Medieval Europe, or slaves in Aryan India
  1. Were largely independent and free from interference by nobles.
  2. Were free to leave their farms.
  3. Had no military obligations to the state or nobles.
  4. Generally lived in peaceful, well-fed communities.
  5. Were burdened by obligations to the rulers and local nobles.
  1. Classical differed from river valley civilizations in all of these ways EXCEPT:
  1. Their societal institutions were more complex.
  2. Interregional contacts, especially through trade, war, or migration, increased.
  3. Government was larger and more complex.
  4. Classic religions were largely monotheistic or atheistic.
  5. Large empires and elaborate government institutions arose.
  1. Historically, pastoral nomads
  1. Lived interspersed with sedentary farmers.
  2. Were rare in Africa and the Americas, but common in Central Asia.
  3. Prevented contacts between the civilized centers of the world.
  4. Had little lasting impact on the development of civilizations.
  5. Lived on the grassy plains of the continents, where sedentary agriculture was extremely difficult.
  1. In comparison to women in sedentary societies, women in nomadic, pastoral societies
  1. Had more rights.
  2. Belonged to paternalistic societies as strong as any sedentary societies.
  3. Were treated relatively equally to their husbands and male counterparts.
  4. Were valued if they could equal males in military courage and accomplishments.
  5. Had fewer rights.
  1. All of these actions and responses typified contacts between sedentary and nomadic peoples EXCEPT:
  1. Acceptance of each other and each other’s ways of life.
  2. Trade.
  3. Tribute payments by weak sedentary societies to strong nomadic groups.
  4. Nomads served as mercenaries to some societies.
  5. Raids and warfare between both groups.

FIRST SEMESTER A.P. WORLD HISTORY EXAM

(Covering the Periods through 1450)

  1. Confucianism, Daoism, and Legalism, as well as Buddhism
  1. Were officially sanctioned doctrines of the Chin and Han emperors.
  2. Are religions, that developed in classical India.
  3. Emphasized the needs of the individual over the welfare of the state.
  4. Had little influence upon China and Chinese society until the late 900s C.E.
  5. Originated as responses to societal problems during times of disruption.
  1. Although they varied greatly in wealth and social status in the classical world,
  1. The commoners, especially the peasants, remained the largest group.
  2. The literate elites cooperated to limit the influence of the ruler.
  3. Aristocrats owned most of the land.
  4. Women had many legal rights and protections.
  5. Urban artisans and merchants dominated classical societies.
  1. Women in most Classical Age societies
  1. Were free to choose the men they would marry.
  2. Could become bureaucrats, provided they passed the state exams.
  3. At all class levels, were legally subordinated to fathers and husbands.
  4. Dominated the intellectual and artistic activities of many cultures.
  5. Varied greatly in status, influence, and rights.
  1. Rural population pressures in classical societies such as China, India, and Rome
  1. Led to frequent outbreaks of disease, famine, and population declines.
  2. Were mitigated by migration to unoccupied lands or clearing of forests.
  3. Rarely exceeded the production and carrying capacities of the farmlands.
  4. Were avoided by infanticide, high death rates, and selling children into slavery.
  5. Threatened the stability of most governments.
  1. Despite their material success and increased wealth, in China and Rome
  1. Foreigners were prohibited from settling amongst most classical societies.
  2. Merchants often ranked below peasants and had little societal influence.
  3. Classical rulers were isolated from the masses and did not intervene in government.
  4. Classical aristocrats and elites had no influence within the government.
  5. The educated elite were prohibited from owning land.

FIRST SEMESTER A.P. WORLD HISTORY EXAM

(Covering the Periods through 1450)

  1. The major impact of Alexander the Great’s conquests was
  1. The elimination of foreign influences from Greek culture.
  2. The establishment of the first unified government for the Eastern Mediterranean.
  3. The birth of mystery religions and the forced migration of the Jews.
  4. The spread of Greek culture throughout the Eastern Mediterranean, Southwest Asia, and into India.
  5. The destruction of regional trade and commerce.
  1. In comparison to the Hindus, Persians, and Jews, religiously, the Greeks
  1. Most resembled Hinduism’s polytheism with its caste system.
  2. Never developed a major religion.
  3. Developed a compassionate system similar to Buddhism.
  4. Sought universal harmony in a manner similar to Daoism.
  5. Avoided portraying gods with human characteristics.
  1. Much of what is called classical Greek and Chinese philosophy traced its origins to the
  1. Cultural crisis and intellectual uncertainty that followed prolonged periods of war.
  2. Translations and influences of other ancient classical civilizations.
  3. Public speakers who argued the merits of contemporary Greek and Chinese society.
  4. Inventions and discoveries of the sciences and mathematicians.
  5. Civic religions of the Greek city-states and Zhou rulers.
  1. Unlike Qin legalist philosophy, Roman imperial law
  1. Harshly punished mistakes and rewarded success.
  2. Insisted on centralization of government and absolutist rule.
  3. Was intolerant of innovation.
  4. Rested heavily on toleration and local autonomy.
  5. Distrusted the military and military rule.
  1. What sentence BEST describes both Roman and Chinese gender relations?
  1. Roman and Chinese women had numerous political rights.
  2. While subordinate to men, Roman women were considerably freer and less oppressed then were their Chinese counterparts.
  3. Both cultures were matrilocal – husbands resided with their wives’ families.
  4. Over the length of the empires, women’s lives improved and their rights increased.
  5. Rome and China were patriarchal societies where elite women had considerable influence.

FIRST SEMESTER A.P. WORLD HISTORY EXAM

(Covering the Periods through 1450)

  1. Far more than classical Greece, India, or China, slavery in Rome
  1. Dominated the labor markets – Rome became dependant on slavery.
  2. Was hereditary.
  3. Granted no rights or protections to slaves.
  4. Was lenient and refused to enslave the young or the elderly.
  5. Encouraged Romans to develop their technology in agriculture and industry.
  1. With regard to merchants, classical civilizations in Rome, Greece, China, and India
  1. Accorded them high social status.
  2. Saw little use for their talents in otherwise largely agricultural societies.
  3. Were ambivalent towards merchants despite their vital roles in commerce.
  4. Rewarded merchant success through upward social mobility.
  5. Made them state bureaucrats.
  1. The major difference between Buddhism and Hinduism was
  1. Hinduism was monotheistic and Buddhism was polytheistic.
  2. Buddhism denied rebirth and reincarnation, and emphasized the importance of the read world.
  3. Hinduism supported the ruling castes, whereas Buddhism encouraged its followers to renounce the political world.
  4. Hinduism taught respect for all living things and prohibited killing.
  5. Buddhism denied the need for castes, rites, and sacrifice to achieve nirvana.
  1. Although the Mayas developed similarly to other civilizations, they never
  1. Developed complex religions.
  2. Progressed much past Neolithic technologies.
  3. Produced complex mathematics, sciences, and calendrical traditions.
  4. Invented written languages.
  5. Built elaborate structures.
  1. When the Bantu migrated, they
  1. Disrupted older, more established civilizations and states in Africa.
  2. Adopted pastoral nomadism and abandoned sedentary agriculture.
  3. Spread agriculture, crops, and iron technologies across much of Africa.
  4. Settled largely in the Nile and Niger River valleys.
  5. Were assimilated by the older civilizations into whose areas they moved.

FIRST SEMESTER A.P. WORLD HISTORY EXAM

(Covering the Periods through 1450)

  1. Contacts with China introduced all of these to Japan EXCEPT:
  1. Chinese writing.
  2. The idea and position of the emperor and imperial rule.
  3. The Buddhist religion.
  4. Bureaucratic government and trained officials.
  5. Patriarchal and patrilineal family relationships.
  1. All of these happenings must generally occur for a new period in world history to begin EXCEPT:
  1. Nomadic peoples must overrun sedentary civilizations.
  2. The world map must change significantly.
  3. New types of contacts between civilized regions must develop.
  4. New patterns and parallel institutional developments will occur.
  5. New technologies may arise.
  1. At the end of the Classical Age
  1. Belief systems failed to survive the collapse of classical civilizations.
  2. Only the Mediterranean Greco-Roman civilization experienced upheavals.
  3. The Huns (Hsiung-Nu) destroyed all great Eurasian classical civilizations.
  4. There was a religious upsurge as a result of social and economic problems.
  5. Trade ceased to be important.
  1. In comparison with the end of classical civilizations in China and India, the collapse of the Roman Empire was
  1. Milder, and the recovery that followed was quicker.
  2. More severe and extensive than elsewhere.
  3. Largely due to internal political, economic, and social decay.
  4. Caused exclusively by Germanic and Hunnic invasions.
  5. Also saw the collapse of the institutions associated with the Christian Church.
  1. In contrast to Mahayana Buddhism, as Christianity evolved and spread, it
  1. Was intolerant of other faiths.
  2. Did not emphasize missionary activities.
  3. Discouraged converts.
  4. Failed to set up a hierarchy and formal church organizations.
  5. Encouraged the use of icons and holy images.

FIRST SEMESTER A.P. WORLD HISTORY EXAM

(Covering the Periods through 1450)

  1. All of these developments characterize the Post-classical age EXCEPT the:
  1. Expanding influence of the Arabs and Islam.
  2. Domination of the Atlantic and Mediterranean by Christian Europeans.
  3. Spread of civilization to new regions such as West Africa and Southeast Asia.
  4. Widespread shift in basic belief systems such as Christianity and Islam.
  5. Development of a world network for trade, ideas, and diseases.
  1. The leading civilization during the Post-classical Era (450-1450 C.E.) was
  1. The Christian West.
  2. The Byzantine Empire.
  3. India.
  4. A collection of sea-based trading states, such as Venice and the Swahili states.
  5. Islam.
  1. One of the strengths of Islam that made it a successful universalizing faith similar to Christianity and Buddhism was its
  1. Use of a common language, such as Arabic, Latin, or Pali, to unite all members.
  2. Insistence that there was only one God.
  3. Support for merchants and commercial values.
  4. Egalitarianism that transcended previous loyalties, ethnicities, or allegiances.
  5. Condemnation of violence as incompatible with faith.
  1. The Pillar of Islam that helped create the first trans-regional civilization was
  1. Profession of faith.
  2. Charity and almsgiving to help the Muslim community.
  3. The pilgrimage by the faithful to Mecca.
  4. Fasting during Ramadan.
  5. The Holy War (Jihad) against unbelievers.
  1. Initially, Islam, with regard to women and gender roles
  1. Retained Bedouin matrilineal traditions and greatly strengthened the position of women in society.
  2. Adopted Christian attitudes towards women.
  3. Secluded women and took away most of their property rights.
  4. Introduced a harsh patriarchal system.
  5. Greatly strengthened the position of women.

FIRST SEMESTER A.P. WORLD HISTORY EXAM

(Covering the Periods through 1450)

  1. Unlike merchants in classical civilizations, Muslim traders
  1. Had little influence within society.
  2. Often ran the governments of the Muslim states.
  3. Acquired great wealth and were protected and encouraged by Muslim states.
  4. Could not legally change their social status.
  5. Were ranked socially behind peasants and farmers.
  1. Mameluks
  1. Were Turkish-speaking slave armies used by Muslims.
  2. Were the last great Central Asian nomads to disrupt Eurasian civilizations.
  3. Broke from the Sunni Muslims over who should be the rightful leader.
  4. Overran Spain and established a brilliant Arabo-Hispanic civilization.
  5. Were non-Muslim boys forcibly converted to Islam and employed as farmers.
  1. The Seljuks
  1. Conquered the Abbasid Caliphate and Byzantine Empire.
  2. Favored the Shia sect and became its protector.
  3. Settled in the lands of modern Turkey and became the Abbasids’ protector.
  4. Were unable to stop the Crusades or end Crusader control of Jerusalem.
  5. Became a sect of Islam devoted to learning, mysticism, and medicine.
  1. The impact of the Crusades
  1. Disrupted the Muslim world.
  2. Had little effect on the military capabilities of the Europeans.
  3. Led to the collapse of the Abbasid caliphate.
  4. Was greater on the Europeans because it brought Europe into contact with Muslim civilizations and their accomplishments.
  5. Encouraged mass European migrations to the lands of the Eastern Mediterranean.
  1. Contacts between Hindus and Muslims led to
  1. The seclusion of Hindu women.
  2. The absorption by the Muslims of many Hindu social practices.
  3. Constant warfare between the two groups.
  4. Mass conversion of Hindus to Islam.
  5. Decreased trade opportunities.

FIRST SEMESTER A.P. WORLD HISTORY EXAM

(Covering the Periods through 1450)

  1. Unlike the Americans, sub-Saharan Africa
  1. Never developed a classical civilization.
  2. Was never totally isolated from other civilizations.
  3. Had little popular migration or trade.
  4. Developed its indigenous civilizations later.
  5. Had no extensive river systems or grasslands.
  1. Sub-Saharan African societies are similar to Latin American Indian societies in that both
  1. Built classical civilizations without cultural diffusion from other civilizations.
  2. Developed in mountainous environments.
  3. Originated complex mathematics and scientific traditions.
  4. Are so numerous that it is impossible to generalize about them.
  5. Were devastated by contacts with Europeans and Arabs, which led to mass epidemics and the death of whole indigenous populations.
  1. Prior to the 15th century C.E., Islam was spread through West and East Africa as well as Southeast Asia by
  1. Merchants who established Muslim families and traditions.
  2. Jihad or holy war.
  3. Mass conversions ordered by the rulers and monarchs.
  4. Wandering Sufi mystics.
  5. Migration to the areas by large groups of Muslims.
  1. The slave trade from West Africa to the Muslim world
  1. Was abolished once the inhabitants converted to Islam.
  2. Existed before the arrival of Islam, but was expanded over the centuries.
  3. Was introduced by the Muslims.
  4. Rivaled the Trans-Atlantic slave trade in numbers and brutality.
  5. Preferred male slaves for administration and military occupations.
  1. As had Hammurabi’s Code (Mesopotamia), Justinian’s Code (Byzantine)
  1. Dealt primarily with church law and religious issues.
  2. Led to internal disruptions and faced harsh opposition.
  3. Became the basic unified law code for states, which existed after its original creator.
  4. Greatly influenced the laws of Islam.
  5. Deviated sharply from previous legal traditions when it sought to create a new tradition.

FIRST SEMESTER A.P. WORLD HISTORY EXAM