final study guide: biology midterm

Instructions:

  1. Start by looking through the study guide and filling in everything you know in PENCIL,without looking in your notes or book (you know this stuff already)
  2. Go back and fill in the rest of the answers in another color, such as BLUE ink using your notes, and verify your original answers
  3. Finally use RED ink for questions you look up in book ones have to ask the teacher
  4. Remember you may find some of the answers in your labs.
  5. Study the completed study guide daily until the final.

Rules:

The study guide will be turned in on the day of your final for 100 pts.

If your study guide is 100%finished at the beginning of the period on December 14th… You will be given a 5x8note card and you will be able to use the note card on the day of the exam, and

You can use both sides of the note card, but note cards must be handwrittenand you will be turning in your note card.

The study guide must be 100% finished at the beginning of the period or you will N get a note card….NO EXCEPTIONS!

  1. What are the steps of the scientific method?

a.______

b.______

c.______

d.______

e.______

  1. Explain the two types of observations and give an example of each.

a.______

b.______

  1. What is the difference between a Hypothesis and a Theory? ______
  2. What does CONPTT stand for? Give an Example of each.

______

  1. What is a variable?

______

a.What are the different types of variables?

  1. ______
  2. ______

b.What is the difference between them?

  1. ______
  2. ______
  1. What is a control?

______

a.Example______

  1. What are the “Inferences” that Darwin made after his trip on the HMS Beagle?

a.______

b.______

c.______

d.______

e.______

  1. Explains Lamarck’s theory ______

a.What did he call the traits? ______

b.Was his theory valid? ______

  1. What is a Species? ______
  2. What is an adaptation?

______

  1. What is a variation?

______

  1. What is natural selection?

______

  1. List the different lines of evidence for Evolution and give an example of each
  2. ______
  3. ______
  4. ______
  5. ______
  6. ______
  7. What is the difference between Analogous and Homologous Structures?

______

a. For both sets of structures, Identify if they are Homologous or Analogous and explain

______

  1. What is a Vestigial Structure? Give and example

______

  1. List the different types of Evolution and give an example of each.
  1. ______
  2. ______
  3. ______
  4. ______
  1. What are the two ways that a new species is produced

a.______

b.______

  1. Name the Kingdoms and give one special trait of each of the 5 kingdoms
  2. ______
  3. ______
  4. ______
  5. ______
  6. ______

b. What general traits are used to classify them

  1. ______
  2. ______
  3. ______
  4. ______
  1. What does the term vertebrate mean? ______
  2. What are the 7 characteristics of something that is alive?

a.______

b.______

c.______

d.______

e.______

f.______

g.______

  1. Draw a flow chart of the different parts of the ecosystems from smallest to largest. (5 parts)
  1. What is a collection of ecosystems with similar characteristics called?

______

  1. What is the difference between an abiotic and biotic factor?

______

a.List an example of each

  1. Abiotic______
  2. Biotic______
  1. What two things generally define a biome?

______

  1. What is a Trophic level?

______

a.List the different Trophic levels by name.

  1. ______
  2. ______
  3. ______
  4. ______
  1. What is the difference between an Autotroph and a Heterotroph?

______

a.What are the other names we call Autotroph and Heterotrophs?

______and ______

  1. What is biomass?

______

a.Explain the rule of ten, using a biomass pyramid to help me understand. Using any animals you want or even humans.

  1. What is biological magnification?

______

a.Give an example using math to explain.

______

  1. What is a food web?

______

a. Why do we use a web instead of a chain?

______

  1. What is biological magnification?

______

  1. What are the different types of “Community Interactions”?
  1. ______
  2. ______
  3. ______
  4. ______
  1. What does symbiosis mean? ______
  2. What are the different types? Give an example of each (3).
  3. ______
  4. ______
  5. ______
  6. ______
  7. ______
  8. ______
  9. What is ecological succession? ______

a. What are the normal steps of plants replacing each other? ______

b.What are the different types of Ecological Succession? Give and Example.

a.______

  1. ______

b.______

  1. ______
  1. What is the difference between a pioneer and climax communities?

______

  1. What are the different types of population growth?
  2. ______
  3. ______
  4. What do the different curves that represent them look like?
  1. What general factors effect population growth?

a.______

b.______

c.______

d.______

  1. What are the two different types of limiting factors? Give an example of each.
  1. ______
  2. ______
  3. ______
  1. ______
  1. What is carrying capacity?

______

  1. Complete the following statement: Energy ______but Matter ______.
  2. Draw the carbon cycle.
  1. What processes add Carbon Dioxide to the environment?
  1. ______
  2. ______
  3. ______
  1. What process removes Carbon Dioxide?

______

  1. What is a fossil fuel and how are they made?

______

  1. Why do living things need nitrogen? ______

a.What is nitrogen fixation? ______

b.How do plants get the nitrogen? ______

c.How do we and other animals get the nitrogen? ______

d.How does nitrogen get back to the air

______

  1. What is the only way water gets back to the atmosphere ______

a.Explain in simple terms what transpiration is? ______

  1. What is the difference between a monomer and a polymer?

______

  1. What are the 4 four main groups of Polymers/ Macromolecules in living organisms?

a.______

b.______

c.______

d.______

  1. What is the purpose of Carbohydrates?

______

a.What is the difference between carbohydrates in Animals vs. Plants?

______

b. What is cellulose? Give examples of where we might be able to find it.

______

  1. What is the purpose of Lipids?

______

Type Of Lipid / Fats / Waxes / Phospholipids
Purpose / Function
Where you might find it

Fill in table below:

  1. What is a Protein?

______

a.What are Amino Acids ______

b.How many Amino Acids are there______

c.What is the relationship between Amino acids and Proteins?

______

  1. What is an Enzyme? ______
  2. What is an Active site?

______

  1. What is a Substrate? ______
  2. Explain how an Enzyme works and then draw a picture to illustrate how they work. (Steps) ______

ENZYME DRAWING

a.Why do we need enzymes?

______

  1. What are the two (2) different types of Nucleic Acids?

a.______

b.______

c.What is their Function?

  1. ______
  1. What is the smallest unit of matter? ______
  2. What is the difference between a compound and a molecule?

______

  1. What is a Chemical Reaction?

______

  1. Label the Product and the Reactant sides of the equation. 2 H2 + O2 2 H2O
  2. Give another example of a Chemical Equation.______
  3. What is the pH scale and what does it have to do with acids and bases? Give Examples ______
  4. In the Got Milk Lab, we worked with Lactose and Lactase; explain the interaction between the two and why we ended up with Glucose.

______

  1. In the Identifying Macromolecule Lab, we looked at how to test for the different macromolecules; which indicator is used to test for:

a.How would you test for protein? ______

b.How would you test for glucose? ______

c.How would you test for starch? ______

d.How would you test for lipids? ______

  1. Complete the following table

Polymer / Function / Monomer (Sub-units) / Example
Lipid / Fatty Acids / 1.
2.
3.
Carbohydrates / Monosaccharide
Disaccharide
Cellulose, Starch, Glycogen
Nucleic Acids / Nucleotide / 1. DNA
2.RNA
Protein / Amino Acids / 1.
2.
  1. What are the three points of the Cell theory?

a.______

b.______

c.______

  1. What does the term Eukaryotic mean? ______
  2. What does the term Prokaryotic mean? ______
  3. Is there a bigger difference between plant and animal or prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells? Why? ______
  1. Cell Structure and Function

a.Function: and what does it do?

b.Where: Then tell me if it occurs in a plant or animal cell or both ( put and “X”)

Organelle / Function (B) / Animal
Cell (C) / Plant
Cell (C) / Both
(C)
Cell Membrane
Chromatin
Cell Wall
Nucleus
Nucleolus
Ribosome
Endoplasmic
Reticulum
Lysosome
Golgi apparatus
Cytoplasm
Mitochondria
Chloroplast
Vacuole
  1. What is the chemical equation that represents Photosynthesis?

______

a.Where does Photosynthesis occur in the cell? ______

b.Why are light/ sun needed for Photosynthesis to occur?

______

c.Why is the dark reaction important to the whole photosynthesis reaction? ______

d.What are the steps to the dark reactions?

______

  1. Where does Cellular Respiration occur in most cells? ______

a.What is the chemical equation that represents Cellular Respiration?

______

b.What are the products of Cellular Respiration?

______

c.What are the two types of cellular respiration?

  1. ______
  2. ______

d.What are the major differences between the two types? ______

e.Aerobic Cellular Respiration is a 3 step process, what are the 3 steps?

  1. ______
  2. ______
  3. ______
  4. Which step results in the most amount of ATP production? ______
  5. Which step is carried out by all living organisms? ______
  1. Why does everything have to be broken down to glucose in order for the cell to be able to use it?

______

  1. What does ATP stand for? ______
  2. How many ATP molecules are created? ______
  3. How does ATP store energy

______

  1. Describe its importance for living things?

______

  1. What is a Phospholipid? ______

a.Draw a Phospholipid and label it.

b.What part of the Phospholipid is hydrophilic? ______

c.What part of the Phospholipid is hydrophobic? ______

  1. Explain why the cell membrane is a bilayer. Focus on the parts of the membrane itself, specifically the phospholipids.______
  2. What does it mean to be semi-permeable?

______

  1. What is the difference between active and passive transport

______

  1. What are the differences between a channel protein and a carrier protein?

______

  1. Draw a concept map of the different types of cellular transport

Word Bank: Diffusion , Facilitated Diffusion Channel Protein, Active Transport, Carrier Protein, Passive Transport, No ATP, Requires ATP, Endocytosis, Exocytosis

  1. Fill in the following table…

Definition / Analogy / Energy Needed? / Protein used
Diffusion
Facilitated Diffusion
Endocytosis
Exocytosis
Active
Transport
  1. Explain what a concentration gradient is how it relates to cellular transport.

______

a.Why do we compare a concentration gradient to a playground slide?

______

  1. Complete the following table make sure to note where the water is going using arrows

Hypertonic Solution
Definition: / Hypotonic Solution
Definition: / Isotonic Solution
Definition:
Before / After / Before / After / Before / After
  1. What are the 2 types of chromosomes?

a.______

b.______

c.Draw a chromosome and label it.

  1. What are the two types of Cellular Reproduction?

a.______

  1. Example______

b.______

  1. Example______
  1. Why do cells need to divide?

a.______

b.______

c.______

  1. What are the stages of the cell cycle and what occurs in each stage?

a.______

b.______

c.______

  1. What Controls cell division? (look in the reading from the homework packet)

______

  1. What does the term haploid mean? ______

a.Where would you find haploid cells? ______

  1. What does the tern diploid mean? ______

a.Where would you find diploid cells? ______

  1. Where does Meiosis occur? ______
  2. Where does Mitosis occur? ______
  3. In one sentence, tell me the difference between meiosis and mitosis.

______

  1. What is the order of the steps of Mitosis?

a.______

b.______

c.______

d.______

  1. Compare and Contrast Mitosis and Meiosis.

Mitosis / Meioses

a.Which one results in genetic diversity?______

b.Which one results in identical cells? ______

c.Which one results in four non-identical copies? ______

  1. When do chromosomes separate in meiosis? ______
  2. When do chromatids separate during meiosis?______
  3. What is a tetrad? ______

a.When does the tetrad occur? ______

  1. What is crossing over and when does it occur?

______

a.What is the importance of crossing over? ______

b.Draw what happens in normal Human fertilization using 46n as the chromosome number.

  1. What is fertilization? ______
  2. What is a Karyotype?

______

a.How is it used? ______

  1. What is Nondisjunction

______

a.What is Trisomy?______

  1. Example______

b.What is Monosomy?

______

  1. Example______

c.Diagram

  1. What is Cancer?

______

a.Name two genes that keep us from getting cancer. ______

b.What do we call genes that cause cancer? ______

c.Name at least 2 risk factors for cancer

______

d.Why doesn't everyone get Cancer?

______