Mr. BlacherBIOLOGYName:______

Final Prep Quiz Part II Study Guide

Name:______

Genetics Study Guide

  1. Which traits are multi-allelic (controlled by more than one allele)?
  2. Which traits are controlled by multiple genes (polygenic)?
  3. Is trait expression purely genetic or can environment be involved? Example?
  4. Heterozygous, homozygous, dominant and recessive mean: _(explain each)_
  5. Genes, alleles, and traits are_(explain each)_
  6. What happened when Mendel crossed purebred tall and short plants? Who was Mendel anyway?
  7. Be able to draw, analyze, and interpret Punnett squares.
  8. What is cloning?
  9. Compare and contrast selective breeding and genetic engineering?
  10. Compare and contrast mitosis and meiosis. How many chromosomes do human somatic (“normal” cells) have? How many do human gametes have? Haploid (2n) v Diploid (n)
  11. Compare and contrast codominance and incomplete dominance? Give examples.
  12. What is the chromosome theory of inheritance?
  13. What is a genome, and what was the Human Genome Project?
  14. How many chromosomes do humans have? What combinations of chromosomes results in a male? Female?
  15. What is a pedigree? Know what the circles and squares represent. Know what a carrier is. Be able to draw/interpret one.
  16. What causes genetic disorders? Are all mutations harmful?
  17. What are hemophilia, cystic fibrosis, Kleinfelters’ syndrome, sickle cell anemia, Turner’s syndrome, and Down syndrome? Know which are caused my meiotic nondisjunction and which are caused by mutation.
  18. Colorblindness is sex-linked recessive. Are males or females more likely to have it? Why is that?
  19. What are Karyotypes and why do we use them?
  20. What is amniocentesis?
  21. What does purebred (true breeding) mean? What is a hybrid?
  22. If you flip a coin, what is the probability of it landing heads up? What is the probability of it landing heads up if you flip it again? What about a third time? Why?

Evolution:

  1. Vocabulary (*=above and beyond…if ya wanna go to there)

1.Species / 8. Selection / *15. Analogous Structures
2.Adaptations / 9. Mutation / 16. Cladogram
3. Evolution / 10. Theory / *17. Phylogenetics
4. Natural Selection / 11. Speciation(*allopatric, peripatric, parapatric, and sympatric) / 18. Superposition
5. Overproduction / 12. Fossil (types) / 19. Absolute Dating
6. Competition / 13. Sedimentary / 20. Relative Dating
7. Variation / 14. Homologous Structures / *21. Microevolution and Macroevolution
  1. Charles Darwin:
  • Who was this guy and what did he observe in the Galapagos Islands?
  • What did he learn from the finches of the Galapagos?
  • How did he explain what he saw?
  1. Natural Selection
  • What is it?
  • What are the four factors that influence this process?
  • How does it lead to evolution ?
  • What happened to the peppered moths during the Industrial Revolution? How does this illustrate natural selection?
  1. Evolution
  • What is the role of genetics in this process?
  • How can new species arise (Geographic isolation, AKA-allopatric speciation)?
  • What evidence is there for evolution (DNA, homologous structures, similarities in embryonic (pre-birth) development)?
  • Phylogenetic (branching) tree diagrams…what do they show?
  1. Fossils and the Fossil Record
  • What are petrified fossils, molds, casts, and preserved remains?
  • How can we tell how old fossils are (relative and absolute dating methods)?
  • What is half-life and how do we use it to date rocks and fossils?
  • What is the key to effective selection of isotopes for radiometric dating?
  • What is the geologic time scale?
  • How old is the Earth?
  1. How long does Evolution take?
  • What is Gradualism?

What is Punctuated Equilibrium?

Human Anatomy & Physiology

Follow the powerpoint!!!!!

The primary focus of this unit is to have a basic understanding what the various systems in the human body do and how they function together to keep us alive.

Here are the major concepts to wrap your head around:

  1. Cells need to take in certain things to remain alive: nutrients (aka food), water, and certain gases (in our case O2).
  2. Cells need to get rid of certain things to stay alive…waste (in our case CO2, nitrogen compounds, and solid wastes).
  3. Each Organ System in the body plays a role in making sure that #1 and #2 are accomplished.
  4. All of the systems work together to get this stuff done…MAINTAINING HOMEOSTASIS

Basic Functions of Organs and Major Components That You Should Know within Individual Systems:

  1. Digestive: Get’s the nutrients from the food we eat. The path food travels: Mouth, Esophagus, Stomach, Duodenum, Upper and Lower Intestines. Some other organs involved the food DOESN’T go through (unless there’s a real problem): Gall Bladder, Liver, Pancreas.
  2. Respiratory: Gas exchange with the environment (O2 in…CO2 out). Mouth/Nose, Trachea, bronchi, lungs, alveoli.
  3. Circulatory: Carries all types of substances throughout the body in the blood (gases, nutrients, wastes). Heart, Arteries, Veins, Capillaries, Blood.
  4. Nervous: Transmits nerve impulses throughout the body, which control...well…everything! Brain, Spinal Cord, Nerves, CNS, PNS, Autonomic/Voluntary Nervous Systems (what are they?).
  1. Endocrine: Secretes and distributes various chemicals (hormones) that control a variety of metabolic processes. Glands and hormones are the components. Understand that hormones are chemicals produced (secreted) by glands. Glands can be organs or groups of cells. Don’t need to know them all. Pituitary is the one in charge.
  2. Muscular: Movement, voluntary and involuntary. Muscles, ligaments, tendons. Some we control (voluntary…walking, picking stuff up) and some we don’t (involuntary…heart beating, breathing).
  3. Skeletal: Structure, support, and protection. Bones. Know all 206 of them…just kidding. Basically you should know the various types (spongy and compact), and understand that they are providing support and protection as well as producing red and white blood cells and storing fat (which marrow makes this stuff?).
  4. Excretory: Really…you don’t know? Okay aside from nitrogen wastes urea) filtered by the kidneys (liquid), and solid wastes exiting via anus, you want to know the skin (nitrogen waste) and lungs (CO2) also pitch in.
  5. Immune: This system helps to defend your body from pathogens (any disease producing organism). Bones (red marrow makes white blood cells aka WBC’s), Lymph nodes, lymph fluid, spleen, skin, mucous membranes. This is a three part system (innate, adaptive, and acquired…just in case you care to explore further)…but you don’t have to know that for this test. What are T-cells & where are they produced?

*Integumentary: This is the skin hair and nails. Covers the body, which protects, insulates, and aids in keeping hydrated…all part of maintaining homeostasis

Study Guide: Taxonomy

  1. Differentiate between taxonomy and classification.
  2. Who were Aristotle and Linnaeus? How were their classification systems similar and different?
  3. List the eight levels of classification (taxa) from the broadest category to most specific. What is unique about the last two taxa?
  4. Explain what binomial nomenclature is and why we use it.
  5. Explain what a dichotomous key is and what is it used to do.
  6. What are prokaryotes, and which kingdoms contain only prokaryotes?
  7. What are eukaryotes, and which kingdoms contain only eukaryotes?
  8. What are the three domains? Which kingdoms fall within each?
  9. What are the identifying characteristics (pro/euk, multi/uni, auto/hetero…any other important charac.), for:
  • Animalia
  • Plantae
  • Fungi
  • Protista -fungus-like, animal-like, & plant-like
  • Bacteria - What are the shapes of the cells? What are flagella, and cilia?
  • Archaebacteria