BIOL 162

Final Exam Main Concepts

Ch 31: Animal Organization and Homeostasis

  1. organization within individual and beyond to ecosystem
  2. four tissue types and broad functions of each type
  1. what type of tissue is a gland?
  1. because connective tissue most abundant tissue, examples of connective tissue
  2. are there more neuroglia or more neurons. Types of neuroglia and their functions
  3. body cavities and organs found in them
  4. how negative feedback and positive feedback work

Ch 32: Circulation and Cardiovascular Systems

  1. trace pulmonary circuit
  1. blood from the right atrium goes through which valve?
  2. blood from the right ventricle goes through which valve?
  1. trace systemic circuit
  1. name the only place where exchange between blood and tissues could occur
  1. chambers with oxygen-poor or oxygen-rich blood
  2. name the number one killer of people living in U.S.
  3. cells in blood, broad functions
  4. blood clot: role of calcium, prothrombin, thrombin, fibrinogen, fibrin threads
  1. how is vitamin K important for clotting?
  2. what would happen if fibrinogen were not cleaved?

Ch 34: Digestive Systems and Nutrition

  1. trace digestive tract
  2. enzymes: salivary amylase, pepsin, pancreatic amylase, trypsin, maltase, peptidases, lipases; substrates and products
  3. how pancreas functions both as endocrine and exocrine gland
  1. describe resulting symptoms of a person who has pancreatic cancer where the pancreas were not functioning
  1. essential amino acids and fatty acids. How obtain them?

Ch 35: Respiratory Systems

  1. trace path of air
  2. Hb + O2 → HbO2 occurs at which capillaries (systemic or pulmonary)
  3. HbO2 → Hb + O2 occurs at which capillaries
  1. what happens to the O2?
  1. CO2 + H2O → H2CO3 → H+ + HCO3- occurs at which capillaries
  2. H+ + HCO3- → H2CO3 → CO2 + H2O occurs at which capillaries
  3. H+, HCO3-: how transported; roles in maintaining blood pH
  1. how is CO2 transported in blood?
  1. CO poisoning: % oxygen saturation of Hb; effects on partial pressure of O2 and CO2 in plasma
  2. hyperventilation: CO2 levels in blood, H+ levels effects, pH effects
  3. which structures are affected in emphysema

Ch 36: Body Fluid Regulation and Excretory Systems

  1. trace path of urine from kidneys out
  2. glomerular filtration: what does it mean, occurs where
  1. what if glomerular filtration does not occur properly
  1. tubular reabsorption: where is water reabsorbed along nephron
  2. ADH affects which part of nephron, function of ADH
  1. You’re sweating like crazy. How is blood volume changed? How is ADH level changed?
  2. Compare urine of a person who is anorexic and does not eat nor drink that much with urine of a person who is “normal”
  1. effects of aldosterone on Na+, water, blood volume, blood pressure
  1. if blood volume is low, how is aldosterone level changed?
  1. H+ + HCO3- → H2CO3 → H2O + CO2 urine is generally acidic. Therefore, would kidneys excrete or reabsorb excess H+
  1. how does blood pH change if kidneys secreted too much bicarbonate?

Ch 41: Reproductive Systems

  1. trace pathway of sperm
  2. spermatogenesis: where, how
  3. FSH, LH: function in males
  4. follicular phase and luteal phase: FSH, LH, corpus luteum, progesterone: functions
  1. propose what may happen if a woman produced too much FSH
  1. uterine cycle: menstruation, proliferative phase, estrogen, ovulation, secretory phase, progesterone
  1. how are corpus luteum, progesterone, and secretory phase related?
  1. STD’s: AIDS, warts, genital herpes, hepatitis, chlamydia, gonorrhea, syphilis: organisms that cause these STD’s
  1. how do we treat a bacterial infection?

Ch 37: Neurons and Nervous Systems

  1. differentiate central vs peripheral nervous system
  2. relative concentrations of Na+ and K+ at resting potential
  3. steps of generating action potential: think of which gates open when;explain threshold value
  1. when do we see example of positive feedback during depolarization?
  2. what happens if Na+ gates can’t open?
  1. how neurotransmitters released across synaptic cleft: role of Ca2+, vesicles, exocytosis
  1. describe what happens to neurotransmitters after released into synaptic cleft
  2. ifacetylcholinesterase were destroyed, explain effects
  1. broad functions of acetylcholine, norephinephrine, dopamine, and serotonin
  2. cerebral cortex is first few cell layers of cerebral hemispheres. Lobe responsible for motor control of body; lobes responsible for sensory information including hearing, vision, and taste
  1. lobe responsible for human qualities such as reasoning, judgment
  1. hindbrain: cerebellum, pons, medulla oblongata; functions
  2. what somatic nerves innervate
  3. when sympathetic or parasympathetic functions; neurotransmitters at postganglionic axon
  1. you’re feeling nervous, anxious, which of the two autonomic systems is dominating?

Ch38: Sense Organs

  1. chemoreceptors: general functions, where found
  2. path of light through eye
  3. receptors in eye, location in retina, allows to see what
  4. path of sound waves through ear to cochlea

Ch 39: Locomotion and Support Systems

  1. bones, calcium, osteoblasts, osteoclasts, osteoporosis
  1. note importance of calcium in general: for clotting, neurotransmitter release, bone density, muscle contraction
  1. bones in axial skeleton
  2. bones in limbs
  3. muscle contraction: role of calcium, troponin, tropomyosin, actin, myosin, ATP
  1. if ATP could not be hydrolyzed, what happens?

Ch 24: Flowering Plants: Structure and Organization

  1. differentiate root type in monocots and eudicots
  1. carrots, radishes, parsnip are which types of plants
  1. functions of roots
  1. consider following functions: storage, photosynthesis, water transport, water absorption, sugar transport. Which are common to both root and shoot system?
  1. endodermis function in roots
  1. where does cortex or pith in relation to endodermis?
  1. root nodules contain nitrogen-fixing bacteria: why
  2. in mycorrhizae, roots have association with ???: describe benefits to both
  3. stem functions
  4. differentiate between ground tissue, vascular tissue, and epidermal tissue
  1. root hairs example of which tissue
  1. why insectivorous plants eat insects; what nitrogen used to make within body

Ch 27: Flowering Plants: Reproduction

  1. name parts of flowers
  2. difference between pollen grain and mature male gametophyte
  3. cells in female gametophyte (or embryo sac)
  4. explain double fertilization
  1. which two cells get fertilized and what they become after fertilization
  1. difference between simple and compound fruit

Ch 44: Population Ecology

  1. what is a population
  2. types of survivorship curves
  3. age structure diagrams and what they predict about future population growth
  4. exponential growth vs. logistic growth
  1. when is carrying capacity reached as seen on logistic growth curve?
  1. density-independent vs. density-dependent factors