Online Supplement to
Exercise – putting action into our epigenome
Short title: Exercise and epigenetics
Joshua Denham, Francine Z. Marques, Brendan J. O’Brien, Fadi J. Charchar
School of Health Sciences, University of Ballarat, Ballarat, VIC, Australia
Corresponding Author
Fadi Charchar, Room 228, F Building, Oppy Drive, University of Ballarat, Mt Helen, 3350. P: (03) 5327 6098, Fax: (03) 5327 9602
Email:
Electronic Supplementary Material
Table S1. Summary of relevant literature on exercise and miRNAs.
miRNA/s impacted / Cell type / Participant or animal phenotypesa,b,c,d,e / Exercisef,g,h,I,j / Reference↑ or ↓ / Acute effects / Chronic effects / Acute and chronic effects
Human studies
↑ / •miR-125a
•miR-210
•miR-222
•miR-29a (M only)
•let-7d (F only)
•miR-21 / Serum / 50 (low VO2max) and 50 (high VO2max), 40-45, M+F, U, Low - ~102 (ml.kg0.75.min-1) high - ~148 (ml.kg0.75.min-1) / N/A / Bye et al.[1]
↓ / •miR-151 (M only)
•miR-652
↑ / Drosha
Exportin-5
Dicer
miR-133a
miR-133b
miR-181a / miR-29b / miR-1 / Myocytes / 9, 23, M, <2 hours per week, 44.1 / Acute and chronic, aerobic (cycling), Acute – 60 (at ~70% of VO2max); Chronic (4 days of 45 mins at ~75% of VO2max, 2 days of 90 min at ~75% of VO2max and 4 days of 6x5 min at ~95% of VO2max) / Russell et al. [2]
↓ / miR-9
miR-23a
miR-23b / miR-31
↑ / miR-21-5p
miR-24-2-5p
miR-27a-5p
miR-181a-5p / Leukocytes / 8, 21.7, M, athletic (National level ski athletes), 74.8 / Acute, aerobic (30 min treadmill run at 80% VO2peak) / Tonevitsky et al. [3]
↓ / miR-486 / Serum / 8, 21.5, M, SED, 41.5 / Acute and chronic, aerobic (cycling), acute – 60 min cycle at 70% of VO2max and chronic – 30 min at 70% of VO2max, 3, 4 / Aoi et al. [4]
↑ / miR-363
miR-338-3p
miR-590-5p
miR-7
miR-30e
miR-142-3p
miR-29c
miR-29b
miR-29a
miR-192
miR-142-5p / Blood natural killer cells / 13, 24, M, U, 48.2 / Acute, aerobic (cycling), 10 x 2 min efforts at ~75% of VO2max with 1 min rest between efforts) / Radom-Aizik et al. [5]
↓ / miR-126
miR-126*
let-7e
miR-130a
miR-151-5p
miR-199a-5p
miR-199a-3p
miR-221
miR-223
miR-326
miR-328
miR-652
↑ / miR-126 (cycle VO2max test, 4 hour cycle at 70% of VO2max, Marathon race only)
miR-133 (resistance training and marathon race only) / Plasma / 59, middle-aged, M+F, U, 23.6-59.8‖ / Acute, aerobic (four groups: cycle VO2max test, 4 hour cycle at 70% of VO2max, marathon race and resistance training) / Uhlemann et al. [6]
↑ / miR-20a (acute after training) / miR-146a (acute after training)
miR-222 (acute after training)
miR-21
miR-221 / Plasma / 10, 19.1, M, athletic (rowers), 52 / Acute (before and after training) and chronic, aerobic (endurance rowing), acute (cycle VO2max test) and chronic – 60-180 (20-24 strokes per minute), 90 (in total) / Baggish et al. [7]
↑ / miR-26b
miR-1225-5p
miR-338-3p
miR-181c
miR-363
miR-181a
miR-181b
miR-181a-2*
miR-132
miR-15a
miR-939
miR-7
miR-140-5p
miR-21*
miR-940 / Blood mononuclear cells / 12, 22, M, U, 42.7 / Acute, aerobic (cycling), 10 x 2 min efforts at ~75% of VO2max with 1 min rest between efforts) / Radom-Aizik et al. [8]
↓ / miR-652, let-7e
miR-99b, miR-125b
miR-125a-5p
miR-151-3p
miR-130a
miR-126
miR-199b-3p
miR-23b
miR-221
miR-199a-5p
miR-584
miR-145
miR-31
miR-486-5p
miR-151-5p
miR-320
miR-451
↓ / miR-133a (after bed rest)
miR-1 (after bed rest)
miR-23a (acute exercise after bed rest) / Myocytes / 12, 26.2, M, U, ~49 (after bed rest) / Chronic (7 days of bed rest – physical inactivity) and acute (after 7 days of bed rest), aerobic (knee extensor exercise), 45min / Ringholm et al. [9]
↑ / ••miR-451 / Myocytes / 56, 18-30, M / Chronic, resistance exercise, U, 5, 12 / Davidsen et al. [10]
↓ / ••miR-378
••miR-26a
••miR-29a
↑ / miR-125a
miR-183
miR-189
miR-432*
miR-616
miR-637
miR-575 / Myocytes / 8, 23, M, SED, 47 / Chronic, aerobic, 45 (at 70% of VO2max), 4, 6 / Keller et al. [11]
↓ / miR-26b
miR-144
miR-101
miR-455
miR-338
miR-29b
miR-28
miR-1
miR-589
miR-451
miR-98
miR-92
miR15b
miR-133
↓ / miR-1 / Myocytes / 27, ~80, M+F / Chronic, resistance exercise, U, 2, 12 / Mueller et al. [12]
↑ / miR-520d-3p
miR-1225-5p
miR-1238
miR-125a-5p
miR-145
miR-181b
miR-193a-3p
miR-197
miR-212
miR-223
miR-340*
miR-365
miR-485-3p
miR-505
miR-629*
miR-638
miR-939
miR-940 / Neutrophils / 11, 22.2, M, U, 42 / Acute, aerobic (cycling), 10 x 2 min efforts at ~75% of VO2max with 1 min rest between efforts) / Radom-Aizik et al. [13]
↓ / miR-20a miR-660
miR-106a miR-96
miR-20b
miR-17
miR-93
miR-130b
miR-16
let-7i
miR-107
miR-126
miR-130a
miR-151-5p
miR-185
miR-18a
miR-18b
miR-194
miR-22
miR-363
↑ / miR-1
miR-133a / Myocytes / 10, 30.5, RA, ~53 / Acute and chronic, aerobic (cycling), acute – 60 min cycle and chronic – 60 to 150, 5, 12 / Nielsen et al. [14]
↓ / miR-1
miR-133a
miR-133b
miR-206
↑ / pri-miR-206 (Y+O)
pri-miR-133a-2 (Y+O) / Myocytes / 12 – 6 young (Y) and 6 old (O), young – 29 and old – 70 / Acute, resistance exercise, 8 x 10 of knee extension exercise @ 70% of 1RM. / Drummond et al. [15]
↓ / miR-1 (Y)
pri-miR-1-2 (Y)
pri-miR-133a-1 (Y)
Rodent studies
↑ / miR-21
miR-144
miR-145 / Cardiac myocytes / Wistar rats, U, F / Chronic, aerobic (swimming), 60, 5, 8 / Ma et al. [16]
↓ / miR-124
↑ / miR-126 / Cardiac myocytes / Wistar rats, U, F / Chronic, aerobic (swimming), 60, 5, 10 / Da Silva Jr et al. [17]
↑ / miR-124 / Brain / Wistar rats, U, M / Chronic, aerobic (treadmill running ~40% (low intensity group) or ~75 (high intensity group) of VO2max), 30, 7, 2 / Mojtahedi et al. [18]
↑ / miR-21 / Neuronal cells (spinal cord) / Sprague-Dawley rats, U, F / Chronic, aerobic (passive cycling), 60 (@45rpm), 5, 10‡ / Liu et al. [19]
↑ / miR-126 (SHR) / Myocytes / WKY and SHR, 12-week-old, U / Chronic, aerobic (swimming), 60, 5, 10 / Fernandes et al. [20]
↓ / miR-16 (SHR+WKY)
miR-21(SHR)
↓ / miR-494 / Myocytes / C57BL/6J mice, 9-week-old, M / Chronic, aerobic (swimming), 7x15 min bouts with 5 min rests, 7 / Yamamoto et al. [21]
↑ / miR-27a
miR-27b / Cardiac myocytes / Wistar rats, U, F / Chronic, aerobic (swimming), 60, 5, 10 / Fernandes et al. [22]
↓ / miR-143
↑ / miR-29a
miR-29c / Cardiac myocytes / Wistar rats, U, F / Chronic, aerobic (swimming), 60, 5, 10 / Soci et al. [23]
↓ / miR-1
miR-133a
miR-133b
↑ / miR-21 / Neuronal cells (spinal cord) / Sprague-Dawley rats, U, F / Chronic, aerobic (passive cycling), 60 (@45rpm), 5, 10-31 day / Liu et al. [24]
↓ / miR-15b
↑ / Exercised mice miR-21
Immobilised mice
miR-680
miR-696
miR-705
miR-762 / Myocytes / C57BL/6 mice, 8-week-old, U / Chronic, aerobic (treadmill running), 20-60, 5, 4 / Aoi et al. [25]
↓ / miR-696
miR-709
miR-720
↑ / miR-7*
MM_264
miR-189
miR-377
miR-98
miR-126*
miR-148b
miR-338
miR-183
miR-489 / Myocytes / Sprague-Dawley rats, 6-months-old, M / Chronic, Hind-limb suspension (immobilisation) for 2-7 days / McCarthy et al. [26]
↓ / miR-23b
miR-27b
miR-333
miR-20a
miR-221
miR-222
miR-499
miR-505
↑ / miR-1
miR-107
miR-181 / Myocytes / C57BL/6 mice, U, M / Acute, aerobic (treadmill running), 90 / Safdar et al.[27]
↓ / miR-23
↑ / pri-miR-1-2
pri-miR-133a-2
pri-miR-206 / Myocytes / C57BL/6 mice, 10-weeks-old, M / Mechanical functional overload / McCarthy et al. [28]
↓ / miR-1
miR-133a
a = Number of subjects or breed of rodent.
b = Age of subjects (years).
c = Sex of subjects – Male (M) /female (F) or both genders (M+F)
d = Physical activity level – sedentary (SED), recreationally active (RA), athletic, unspecified (U)
e = maximal aerobic fitness (VO2max) measured in ml.kg.min-1.
f = Type of exercise intervention – acute, chronic or acute and chronic exercise or not applicable (N/A).
h = Minutes of exercise training per session.
i = Day/s or sessions of exercise per week.
j = Weeks (or months☨) of exercise training (if any).
‡ = Indicates data from individuals from which the main findings originate from.
‖ = Indicates range of average VO2max values from each of the participants in the cycle VO2max test, four hour cycle at 70% of VO2max, marathon race and resistance training group.
• = Participants with a low VO2max compared to participants with a low VO2max.
•• = Low responders compared to high responders.
Min = minutes; miR = micro-RNA; ↓ = decrease (s/d); ↑ = increase (s/d); * = passenger miRNA; pri = primary miRNA; VO2peak = peak volume of oxygen; WKY = Wistar Kyoto rats; SHR = Spontaneously hypertensive rat.
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