Examination questions - Lexicology

  1. Principle of compositionality
  2. Semantic constituent
  3. Two conditions that must be met by alexical unit
  4. Test of recurrent semantic contrast
  5. Explain the notion of semantic traits (statuses)
  6. Five types of semantic traits – examples
  7. Canonical trait
  8. Characterize idioms
  9. Characterize collocations and explain the notion of semantic cohesion
  10. Two factors contributing to semantic cohesiveness
  11. Dead metaphor + examples
  12. Explain the notions seme, sememe, lexical unit, lexeme, moneme, phraseme
  13. Explain the difference between selection and modulation
  14. Promotion and demotion
  15. Highlighting and backgrounding
  16. Graphically represent foure basic semantic relations: identity, inclusion, overlap, and disjunction
  17. Quasi-relations
  18. Explain three basic criteria for distinguishing between homonyms and polysemantic lexemes.
  19. Can we speak of synonymy between lexical units or between lexemes
  20. Explain the term cognitive synonyms
  21. Give two types of semantic co-occurrence restrictions and explain them + examples
  22. Complemenarity, converseness
  23. Difference between converseness and conversion
  24. Difference between homonyms and conversions
  25. Contraries vs. contradictories
  26. Explain the cirteria of dominance and difference for lexical configurations
  27. Explain the assymetric principle of the relationa of dominance
  28. Transitive and intransitive relation of dominance
  29. Explain proportional series
  30. Explain helices – is it abranching or anon-branching relation + example
  31. Basic principles of componential analysis + example
  32. Explain the notion of relation components + example
  33. What is the difference between redundancy-free and redundant notation in componential anlysis
  34. Give the structure of relational components
  35. Transfer features
  36. Deictic features
  37. Inferential features
  38. Explain the notion of projection rules
  39. Four tasks of asemantic theory according to Katz & Fodor corresponding to four basic abilities of speakers
  40. Explain the difference between semantic markers and distinguishers
  41. Explain the notion of semantic reversal + example
  42. Sinclair distinguishes five categories of co-selection. Which of them are obligatory and which optional
  43. Explain the difference between collocation and colligation
  44. Onomasiological model - graphical representation
  45. Onomasiological model - the role of the individual levels in the word-formation component
  46. Onomasiological model - the relation between the WFC and the Lexicon
  47. Conversion as Onomasiological recategorization
  48. 5 different onomasiological types
  49. Blocking - Aronoff’s approach
  50. Blocking - van Marle’s general cases vs. special cases; Rainer’s type and token blocking
  51. Blocking - Explain Rainer’s three conditions of blocking (synonymy; productivity; frequency)
  52. Scalise’s blocking and blocking rule
  53. Marchands notion of word-formation syntagma
  54. Identification & specification scheme
  55. Scope of WF acc. to Marchand – two conditions
  56. Explain expansion
  57. Explain transposition
  58. Explain Marchand’s notion of zero-morpheme derivation
  59. Explain and exemplify expressive symbolism, rime gemination, ablaut gemination
  60. Examplify Lees’ transformationalist method
  61. Explain Lees’ Subject-Predicate type of compound generation
  62. Explain Lees’ Subject – Middle Object Type of compound generation. What is Middle Verb?
  63. Give at least Marchand’s three points of criticism of Lees’ method
  64. Explain the basic principles of Lees’ revised approach to compound generation and what semantic theory it is based on?
  65. Kastovsky’s transformationalist account of generation of compounds from kernel sentences
  66. Explain item-familiarity and type familiarity
  67. Which are three levels of Kastovsky’s description of WF
  68. Graphical representation of Halle’s model
  69. What is the purpose of loop in Halle’s model
  70. Halle’s conception of morpheme and what is the function of filter?
  71. Two kinds of Halle’s WF rules
  72. Explain semantic idiosyncrasies in Halle’s model
  73. Explain the structural idiosyncrasies in Halle’s model
  74. Explain the phonological idiosyncrasies in Halle’s model
  75. Explain phonological conditioning in Halle’s model
  76. Why is Aronoff’s model called word-based morphology
  77. Aronoff’s allomorphy rules and truncation rules
  78. Explain basic principles of Aronoff’s theory of productivity + the method of calculation
  79. Explain the relation between semantic coherence and productivity
  80. Explain potentiation
  81. What kinds of information should be specified for Lieber’s lexical entries?
  82. The first two Lieber’s percolation conventions (define and illustrate by an example)
  83. Lieber’s Feature Perciolation Convention 3 (define and illustrate by an example)
  84. What is meant by diacritics, subcategorization frames, and insertion frames in Lieber’s concpetion
  85. Four steps in generating compounds according to Lieber
  86. Phonological and morphological differences between Class Iand Class II affixes
  87. Siegel’s Level Ordering Hypothesis + Allen’s Extended Ordering Hypothgesis
  88. Allen’s IS ACONDITION and Variable R condition
  89. What is the difference between Allen’s Conditional and Permanent lexicons
  90. Explain Allen’s Adjecancy condition
  91. Explain overgenerating morphology and accidental gaps
  92. Explain infix, interfix, transfix, circumfix, postfix and suprafix
  93. Explain reduplication; two types total and partial
  94. Explain Bauer’s term of derivational paradigm
  95. Difference between morpheme, allomorph, portmanteau morph
  96. Explain root, stem, and base
  97. Endocentric vs. exocentric compounds, and class-chanfing and class-maintaining affixation
  98. Explain nonce-formation, institutionalization, and lexicalization
  99. Prosodic and segmantal types of phonological lexicalization
  100. Explain morphological lexicalization with regard to roots and affixes
  101. Semantic lexicalization, and syntactic lexicalization
  102. Cumulative exponent and syncretism
  103. Explain the difference between productivity and creativity in WF
  104. What is the difference between the transformationalist band the lexicalist approaches to WF
  105. Explain Chomsky’s argumentation for distinguishing between the transformationalist and the lexicalist approaches
  106. Explain the criteria for the delimitation of compounds – spelling and stress (the basic principle and deviations form the rule)
  107. Neo-classical compounds
  108. Explain umlaut with regard to English WF
  109. Explain the difference between acronymization, blending, and clipping
  110. Di Sciullo & Williams’ notions of word
  111. Bloomfield’s criterion for the identification of allomorphs of asingle morpheme
  112. Suppletion, empty morph, moneme
  113. Bloomfield’s modulation and Phonetic modification
  114. Difference between IA and IP
  115. Main differences between inflectional morphology and WF
  116. Main differences between syntax and WF
  117. Explain the philosophical origins of the notion of category
  118. Three types of categories
  119. Resursiveness in compound formation
  120. Primary vs. synthetic compounds
  121. Difference between the Germanic and the French types of compounds
  122. Conversion as conceptual recategorization
  123. Explain the concept of productivity as WFT cluster
  124. Kiparsky’s Elsewhere Condition
  125. Kiparsky’s stratal model
  126. What is the difference between lexical and postlexical phonological rules of lexical phonology?
  127. Kiparsky’s rule of compound formation; give Kiparsky’s rule explaining the generation of words like air-conditioner
  128. Explain the basic types of phonological and morphological restrictions on productivity + examples
  129. Explain semantic constraints on productivity + examples
  130. Explain the Righthand-Head Rule (Williams)
  131. Difference between semasiological and onomasiological methods
  132. De Saussure’s model of sign
  133. Ogden & Richards’ model of sign
  134. Difference between denotative and connotative meanings
  135. Explain the meaning relations of inclusion and exclusion
  136. Arbitrariness, linearity
  137. Tautonyms, and meronomy
  138. Explain the change of meaning by extension and restriction of meaning
  139. Difference between metaphor, metonymy, and synecdoche
  140. Principles of morphonemics and Trubetzkoy’s term of morphoneme
  141. Explain predicator, predicate
  142. Explain equative sentence, referring expression
  143. What is proposition
  144. What is the difference between sentence and utterance
  145. Define analytic sentence
  146. Define synthetic sentence
  147. Define contradiction
  148. Define anecessary condition and a sufficient set of conditions
  149. Pennanen’s criticism of zero-derivation (multiple zeros, syntactic and morphological identifiability in sentence structures, wireN – wireV – wireN),
  150. Conversion and the notion of bare lexeme (Lipka)
  151. Two Marchand’s groups of WF processes according to whether they meet his two conditions fully or partly
  152. Difference between primary and synthetic compopunds
  153. Difference between endo and exocentric compounds
  154. Neoclassical compounds
  155. Difference between syntactic and asyntactic compounds
  156. French vs. Germanic compounds and which are typical of English
  157. Stress as a criterion of compounds
  158. Bauer’s comparison of productivity in syntax and word-formation based on three criteria (infinite generation of words and sentences; infinite length of sentences/words; …)
  159. Baayen’s approach to productivity (productivity vs. frequency, computation)
  160. Bauer’s approach to productivity (P as implemented potential; productivity of what, speech community, established/actual, potential, and possible words)
  161. Štekauer’s onomasiological approach to productivity - four basic levels
  162. Štekauer’s onomasiological approach to productivity - explain the basic method of productivity within a WFTC.
  163. Explain the origin of affixes by secretion
  164. Explain complementary distribution of allomorphs
  165. Explain the difference between phonological and morphological conditioning of allomorphs
  166. Explain recursiveness
  167. At least 5 criteria for the identification of compounds
  168. Explain the relation between nonce-formation, institutionalization, and lexicalization
  169. Prosodic and segmental types of lexicalization
  170. Morphological and semantic types of lexicalization
  171. 2 types of syntactic lexicalization
  172. Calques and folk etymology
  173. Explain the term paradigm
  174. Explain the basic principles and problems of the Fixed meaning assumption
  175. Explain the basic principles of the Fuzzy meaning assumption
  176. What is meant by the Family resemblance syndrome
  177. Explain the basic principles of the Prototype Theory
  178. Explain the features of three basic units of grammar in cognitive linguistics
  179. Explain the terms conceptualization and imagery used in cognitive linguistics
  180. Explain what is meant by the assumption that cognitive grammar takes a SUBJECTIvist view of meaning.
  181. Explain the notion of schemas in cognitive linguistics
  182. Explain the relation between UNITS, SCHEMAS, and CATEGORIZING relationships in cognitive linguistics
  183. What is meant by instantiation in cognitive linguistics. Give an example
  184. Explain the notion of USAGE EVENT cognitive linguistics.
  185. Give the noun schema and the verb schema and their instantiations