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Name ______Ch. 1-4
EVOLUTION – ESSENTIAL VOCAB
1. Evolution / Changes in organisms over time2. Fossil / The traces or remains of dead organisms
3. Petrified / Type of fossil where minerals replace the organism into stone
4. Amber Preserved / Type of fossil preserved in tree resin
5. Primitive / Old, archaic, earliest form
6. Mass Extinction / Large scale death of an entire species
7. Plate Tectonics / Movement of the Earth’s plates
8. Pangaea / Supercontinent existing 330 million years ago
9. Spontaneous Generation / The disproved idea that nonliving things produce living things
10. Biogenesis / Organisms only arise, come from, other organisms
11. Protocell / Basic first cell originating life
12. Archaebacteria / Oldest type of Bacteria, most primitive of all life on Earth
13. Anaerobic / Respiration without the use of oxygen
14. Variations / Changes or differences among organisms
15. Artificial Selection / Humans intentionally mating organisms with desired traits….aka selective breeding
16. Natural Selection / The best adapted organisms in the environment survive and reproduce….aka survival of the fittest
17. Acquired Trait / A change in an organism not due to an inherited factor
18. Inherited Trait / A characteristic passed on from parents to offspring during reproduction
19. Survival of the Fittest / See Natural Selection
20. Best Adapted / Organisms with the best traits that allow it to survive and reproduce ….aka Survival of the Fittest
21. Adaptation / Any variation in an organism that better allows it to survive and reproduce
22. Resistance / The ability to withstand a condition
23. Selecting Factor / A condition that allows some organisms to better survive and reproduce over others
24. Comparative Anatomy / Comparing similarities in structure, bones
25. Analogous Structure / Structures similar in function but not structure…not related
26. Homologous Structure / Similar structures representing relatedness, ancestry
27. Vestigial Structure / A once used structure that no longer functions
28. Comparative Embryology / Comparing similarities in embryos, development
29. Gene Pool / The amount of different genes in a population
30. Gene Frequency / The ratio of genes in a population
31. Genetic Equilibrium / The genes of a population are remaining stable from generation to generation, not changing
32. Speciation / The formation of a new species due to evolution
33. Geographic Barrier / A physical barrier preventing species from one another, mountains, river, etc.
34. Reproductive Isolation / When a species can no longer reproduce with one another due to evolution
35. Mutation / Any change in an organisms DNA
36. Gradualism / The slow and steady accumulation of changes in an organisms
37. Punctuated Equilibrium / Sudden change in an organism followed by stability
38. Adaptive Radiation / The diversity of organisms from a common ancestor
39. Opposable Thumb / A primate/human trait allowing for grasping of small objects
40. Hominoid/Hominid / Members of the primate family, human ancestors
41. Neanderthals / A close Homo sapiens relative that went extinct about 40,000 years ago
42. Homo sapiens / Latin name for present day human
43. Bipedal / Walking on two feet
44. Specialist / An organism that eats one type of food
45. Generalist / An organism that eats a variety of food
46. Primate / Group of animals that includes, humans, apes, monkeys
47. Competition / The struggle to obtain resources
48. Limited Resources / Limited resources such as food, water, space, gases, etc.
49. Cladogram / A branching diagram showing relatedness among organisms
50. Phylogenetic Tree / See cladogram
BELLRINGER:
Essential Questions:1. Identify different types of fossils and how they are formed.
2. Describe conditions of early Earth.
3. Name and describe Earth’s earliest organisms? / Chapters 1-4 The Record of Life
Early History of Earth – What was Early Earth Like?
Very Hot, Toxic, Radioactive, No Oxygen, No Water, inhabitable!
· Estimated Age of Earth
About 4.6 Billion years
· Estimated Age of First Organisms
About 3.4 Billion Years
PROOF OF LIFE – FOSSILS
Fossil Types / Formation
Trace Fossil / Any evidence left from an organism...print, trail, burrow, etc.
Casts/Molds / Organism dies and is buried in sediment leaving behind a mold of it
Petrified / Organism dies and is preserved with minerals into stone
Amber / Organism dies and is preserved in tree resin
Frozen, Tar / Organism dies and is preserved in ice and/or tar
SUMMARY:
BELLRINGER:
Essential Questions:1. Compare and contrast relative dating with radioactive dating.
2. Give examples of information that fossils can tell us about Earth and organisms pasts.
3. Explain why primitive organisms should be simple and unicellular? Give an example. / What types of information might fossils tell us
· Size of organism
· How/if organism moved
· Diet of organism
· Ancient climate
· Geography
Determining the age of rocks and fossils:
· Relative Dating & the Law of Superposition
In rock layers that have not been disturbed, the layers at the top are younger than those below it.
· Radiometric (Radioactive) Dating
Using radioactive elements to determine a more specific age of the rock/fossil.
The Chronology of Earth – Geologic Time Scale
· Precambrian Era
Oldest, 4.6-1.8 billion years ago, little life due to Earth’s toxic environment. Archaebacteria and other simple organisms.
· Paleozoic Era
1.8 billion-248 million years ago, much diversity of life especially in the oceans, era ends with mass extinction.
· Mesozoic Era
248 million- 65 million years ago, much diversity of life especially on land, age of reptiles and large organisms, era ends with mass extinction.
· Cenozoic Era
65 million- now, age of mammals (human)
SUMMARY:
BELLRINGER:
Essential Questions:1. Why is Earth divided up into periods, eras, etc.?
2. What was Pangaea?
3. Eras are created based on major what? /
Induce three facts from the above chart. (Answers will vary)
· Cenozoic is the age of Mammals…including man.
· Mesozoic was the age of Dinosaurs.
· Time is divided into Eras and Periods.
Induce three facts from the map. (Answers will vary)
· Pangea was a large continent.
· Africa and South America were once connected.
· The Pacific Ocean was present.
SUMMARY:
BELLRINGER:
Essential Questions:1. Explain how spontaneous generation was disproved.
2. What molecules are necessary for life?
3. Why must the first “Protocells” have been heterotrophic and anaerobic? / The Origin of Life – Theories Disproved……theories are subject to change as new research develops!
· Spontaneous Generation
A disproved theory suggesting living things come from nonliving things.
The Origin of Life – Modern Ideas “How did life begin on Earth”
· Simple Organic Molecules Formed
Simple carbon containing molecules appeared before life on Earth. Proteins, Lipids, Carbohydrates, Nucleic Acids.
· The First True Cells “Heterotroph Hypothesis”
First forms of life…first protocell…was an anaerobic, prokaryotic, heterotrophic, unicellular bacteria.
-Archaebacteria
First organisms on Earth, about 3.4 billion years ago-present, live in harsh environments still today!
-Photosynthesizing Prokaryotes
Next organisms to evolve, capable of photosynthesis, resulting in increase in oxygen and the forming of ozone shield.
SUMMARY:
BELLRINGER:
Essential Questions1. Explain Darwin’s Natural Selection, citing variations in your answer.
2. What is meant by the terms “survival of the fittest”?
3. Explain “variations don’t exist out of need”. / Charles Darwin and Natural Selection
Evolution is
The change in organisms over time
· Darwin’s work on the HMS Beagle
1831 sailed around the world and analyzed and recorded observations of various organisms.
· Darwin in the Galapagos
Focused work on islands off the coast of South America. Darwin observed unique island species with some similarities to other species from around the world.
· What insight did he gain based on his observations?
He observed that traits of organisms vary in a population and that these variations are inherited from parent to offspring.
Darwin’s Theory of Natural Selection
The current theory of evolution that states
*variations exist in a population
*some variations are favorable and allow the organism to find more resources
*more resources ensures a better chance to survive, reproduce and pass on those favorable adaptations to offspring
SUMMARY:
BELLRINGER:
Essential Questions:1. Define adaptations and give an example.
2. Explain how resistance to antibiotics in bacteria represents natural selection. What is the selecting agent?
3. If organisms share homologous structures what does that suggest about them? / Adaptations
Any favorable variation in an organism that increases their chance of survival.
Examples of Adaptations
· Mimicry
A structural adaptation that enables a species to resemble another.
· Camouflage
A physical adaptation that enables a species to blend in with their surroundings.
Present Day Evolution
· Bacterial Resistance to Antibiotics
Bacteria are usually clones of one another but since they reproduce so quickly the chance of mutation is high. A mutation may result in resistance to antibiotics and the ability of the bacteria to withstand the drug. These resistant bacteria do not die and pass on their resistance to their offspring.
· Insect Resistance to Pesticides
Similar to bacteria and antibiotics, insect pests can become resistant to pesticides.
Fossil Evidence For Evolution
· Comparative Anatomy
Examining structures for determine similarities and differences
Homologous Structure / Similar structural features with a common ancestor….supports relatedness….exp. common bones
Analogous Structure / Similar functions but not representing common ancestor…..not relatedness….exp. flying requires wings
Vestigial Structure / A body structure in a present day organism that no longer serves a purpose but once did in ancestors …exp. appendix
SUMMARY:
BELLRINGER:
Essential Questions:1. Give examples of comparative embryology and biochemistry in fossils.
2. Comparing DNA and amino acids is the “best” way to determine relatedness. Explain.
3. What can cause changes in genetic equilibrium? / · Comparative Embryology
Examining embryos and development to determine similarities and differences.
Similar development suggest relatedness to a common ancestor.
· Comparative Biochemistry
Examining DNA, enzymes, amino acids, biochemical molecules, to determine similarities and differences. Similar biochemistry suggest relatedness to a common ancestor.
Changes in genetic equilibrium
Natural selection acts on a population. Those with the most desirable traits live, reproduce, and pass of those desirable traits. Those without die and don’t pass on those undesirable traits.
· Mutations
Any change in the DNA …can be adaptive or maladaptive…..must occur in the sex cells to be inherited and passed to offspring.
· Genetic Drift
The frequency of a gene in a population. Adaptive genes should increase in population and maladaptive decrease. Why?
· Gene Flow (Migration)
The movement of organisms in and out of a population.
SUMMARY:
BELLRINGER:
Essential Questions:1. Describe factors resulting in speciation.
2. Compare and contrast gradualism with punctuated equilibrium.
3. Explain why organisms like bacteria can evolve quickly? /
Speciation
The evolution of a new species due to the accumulation of mutations and/or variations from sexual reproduction. A new species can no longer breed with the previous species.
Factors Causing Speciation
· Geographic Isolation
A physical barrier….natural or man-made…like a river, mountain, or road….that divides a population preventing reproduction with one another.
· Reproductive Isolation
The result of isolation of a species when former breeding organisms can no longer successfully breed and produce offspring….usually due to geographic isolation.
Speciation Rates
· Gradualism
The idea that species evolve slowly and accumulate small changes over time.
· Punctuated Equilibrium
The idea that species have sudden bursts of evolutionary change followed by equilibrium where there is no change…often due to changes in environment.
SUMMARY:
BELLRINGER:
Essential Questions:1. Discuss the environmental conditions that could have resulted in the finch’s adaptive radiation.
2. Explain variation, competition, and adaptation in reference to the finches.
3. What other resources besides food could be limiting a population? / Adaptive Radiation
When an ancestral species evolves into an array of species to fit a number of diverse habitats/niches.
· Name two finches from the diagram above that would compete and explain why?
(Answers will vary) For example the large cactus finch and the cactus finch because they eat the same food type.
· Name two finches from the diagram above that could coexist and explain why?
(Answers will vary) For example the small ground finch and the warbler finch because they eat different food types.
· Name another finch that would be negatively affected if more large ground finches populated the area and explain why.
(Answers will vary) The medium ground finch because they eat the same food type.
SUMMARY:
BELLRINGER:
Essential Questions:1. What adaptations evolved from primates to humans?
2. What is the closest common ancestor to modern humans? How do we know?
3. Out of Africa theory? / Primate Adaptation and Evolution
What is a Primate
A group of mammals with similar anatomy and DNA; includes the lemurs, monkeys, apes, and human.
Primate Origins – Evidence of a shared evolutionary origin
Comparing similarities among many primates suggest that they have a common ancestor. Scientists look at fossils for anatomy, DNA (biochemistry), embryology, etc.
Humanlike primates evolve
Anthropoids (ape-human like), Hominoids (more human like)
Hominoids evolved in Asia and Africa
Global environmental changes created changes in vegetation and our ancestors were favored to be adapted on land and not in trees. We were more “fit” for land and now had an advantage!
SUMMARY: