HSA Review

Evolution

EVOLUTION: BIOLOGY hSA REVIEW

  1. Graphic Organizer: Complete the chart below.

Kingdom / Contains a Nucleus / Type of Cells / Makes Own Food / Has Cell Walls
Fungi / Unicellular or multicellular / Yes
Prokaryote / Some species / Yes
Yes / Multicellular / Yes / Yes
Protista / Unicellular or multicellular / Some species / Some species
Yes / Multicellular / No
  1. True/False: Two animals are of the same species. Write T if the statement is true; if the statement is false, change the underlined term or phrase to make the statement true.

_____ 1.the animals can mate and produce fertile offspring

_____ 2.the animals must have similar body structures

_____ 3.the animals consume the same food

_____ 4.the animals live successfully in the same habitat

_____ 5.the animals have the same number of chromosomes

_____ 6.the animals have the same genes at the same locations on chromosomes

_____ 7.the animals have the same color patterns

C. BCR

Biologists have discovered an animal called a cloudrunner, shown in the figure at right. Biologists are now trying to determine the cloudrunner's evolutionary relationship to other animals.

  • What kinds of evidence and scientific techniques could the biologists use to determine the evolutionary relationship of the cloudrunner to other animals?
  • How does this evidence demonstrate evolutionary relationships between the cloudrunner and other animals?

Write your response on a separate sheet of paper.

D. Reading Passage: Use the information below to answer the questions that follow.

New “living fossil” identified

The first living coelacanth (Latimeria chalumnae) was discovered in 1938 when marine biologists hailed the fish as a "living fossil" – an animal that has existed virtually unchanged since it first appeared over 400 million years ago. A new species of coelacanth was discovered off the coast of Indonesia in 1999. The find surprised and delighted scientists who had believed such creatures were restricted to a small stretch of water around the Comoros, east of South Africa. They now had evidence for two distinct communities living 9,000 km apart.

Since the 1930s, fishermen have pulled in about 200 coelacanths. The catches have been so few and in such a restricted area that scientists assumed they were dealing with a small an isolated population living only in the MozambiqueStrait, or even around just one or two of the Comoros islands.

Detailed analysis of the body features and two stretches of DNA from the new fish revealed that it was a new – though closely-related – species of coelacanth (Latimeria menadoensis).

Although studies have shown the coelacanth can move several dozens of kilometers to get from one underwater cave to another, it is a semi-sedentary fish and does not like to go to great depths or into open water. It is highly unlikely that the species from the Comoros could have traveled nearly 10,000 km, negotiating difficult currents, to reach Indonesian coasts, and vice versa. This is one more reason why the scientists conclude the animals must be two distinct species.

_____ 1.What is the best explanation for the lack of change in the coelacanth over the past 400 million years?

  1. environmental factors in the coelacanth habitat have not changed over the past 400 million years
  2. over-fishing by humans has reduced the coelacanth population
  3. the coelacanth has had many predators throughout history
  4. the two species are able to mate with each other, increasing genetic variation

_____ 2.Which of these is a correct statement about the two species of coelacanth?

  1. The two species of coelacanth occupy two distinct niches.
  2. The two species of coelacanth occupy overlapping niches.
  3. The coelacanth can swim long distances, and the other is more sedentary.
  4. Both species of coelacanth arose through the process of succession.

_____ 3.What evidence was the most convincing that the newly discovered species was,in fact, a new species?

  1. body structures
  2. geographic location
  3. coloration
  4. genetic tests

E. BCR

Directions

Use the information below to answer the following BCR.

Scientists found a coelacanth 8,000 Km south of the ComorosIslands. They used gel electrophoresis to study the relatedness of the three coelacanth species. The four species have some traits in common. They also have traits that are unique to their species.

The results of their gel electrophoresis study are shown below. Species 1 is the ComorosIslands species. Species 2 is the Indonesian species. Species 3 is the new species.

Describe how species of coelacanth may have evolved from a common ancestor. In your response, be sure to:

  • identify whether the recently-caught coelacanth is a new species
  • explain your answer using the results of the gel electrophoresis
  • identify and describe the process that leads to the development of different species from a common ancestor
  • explain what factors affect this process in the coelacanth species

Write your response on a separate sheet of paper.

F. Relatedness: Use the information and the table below to answer the questions that follow.

Cytochrome c is a protein that can be an indicator of whether two different organisms are related. Comparisons are made between two different organisms by finding the place where the two lines intersect. The number where the columns and rows intersect shows how many amino acids are different in the cytochrome c of both organisms. For example, the number of amino acids that are different when comparing a rabbit's cytochrome c with a tuna's cytochrome c is 17. The larger the number, the greater the difference in the structure of the cytochrome c molecules of the two organisms.

1. According to the table, how many amino acid differences exist between the following pairs of organisms?

____a.a rabbit and a chicken

____b.a monkey and a turtle

____c.a rattlesnake and a tuna

____d.a kangaroo and a duck

____e.a duck and a turtle

____f.a rabbit and a kangaroo

____g.a pig and a rabbit

____h.a duck and a monkey

2. Circle the pair of organisms above that is most closely related.

G. Cloze: Use words from the word bank below to fill in the blanks in the paragraph that follows.

Organisms change over time in a process called (1)______. New traits may result from new combinations of existing (2)______, such as when chromosomes cross-over during (3)______reproduction. Because each individual is genetically unique, a whole population of organisms is said to have (4)______. New traits may also arise from (5) ______that alter the genes in reproductive cells.

Most habitats are not (6)______, and changes in the environment affect the survival of organisms. Organisms will survive if they inherit traits that allow them to (7)______for resources and produce (8)______. Such traits, like a sea turtle’s ability to use magnetic fields for navigation, are called (9)______. The process that results in beneficial traits, such as long claws and teeth of mole rats, is called (10)______. In contrast, when humans hand-pick certain individuals to mate with others, such as when developing crop plants or dog breeds, they are employing (11)______.

Although evolution is too slow to observe directly, scientists use (12)______evidence of bone structures in rock layers to conclude that organisms have changed over time. Similarity between two organisms in the number and arrangement of their bones is called (13)______structure and indicates a (14)______for those organisms. More recently, similarities of DNA bases and/or (15)______sequences, including results from gel electrophoresis, are used to identify relatedness and ancestry.

H. Matching: Write term on the line next to the correct definition.

______1.differences between individuals in a population

______2.two populations of organisms have overlapping niches and demand the same resources

______3.usually one parent; offspring are genetically identical to the parent

______4.genetic information from two parents is “shuffled,” and the offspring is unique

______5.mammals in northern habitats have thick layers of fat and thick fur

1

Biology HSA Review Spring 2006