ESM1: Data and references
Common and scientific names of the study species, location of the study population, class (B = birds, M = mammals), reference (listed at the end of the appendix), methodology used in the referenced paper (CMR or other longitudinal study), age at the onset of survival senescence (Ω is the median of the visual estimation by the four judges).
Common name / Scientific name / Location / class / Ref* / type / ΩEuropean sparrowhawk / Accipiter nisus / Eskdale, Scotland (UK) / B / (1) / CMR / 5.00
Wood duck / Aix sponsa / E Massachussett (USA) / B / (2) / not / 4.00
Alpine swift / Apus melba / Solothurn (Switzerland) / B / (3) / not / 15.00
Bewick’s swan / Cygnus columbianus / Gloucestershire (UK) / B / (4) / CMR / 11.00
Mute swan / Cygnus olor / Abbotsbury (UK) / B / (3) / not / 10.00
Northern royal albatross / Diomedea epomophora sanfordi / Taiaroa Head (New Zealand) / B / (5) / not / 22.50
Wandering albatross / Diomedea exulans / Possession Island / B / (6) / CMR / 27.00
Little penguin / Eudyptula minor / Philip Osland (Australia) / B / (7) / CMR / 12.00
Mauritius kestrel / Falco punctatus / Mauritius / B / (3) / not / 6.00
Collared flycatcher / Ficedula albicollis / Gotland (Sweden) / B / (3) / not / 1.00
Pied flycatcher / Ficedula hypoleuca / Wolfsburg, Lower Saxony (Germany) / B / (8) / not / 2.00
Atlantic puffin / Fratercula arctica / Isle of May (UK) / B / (9) / CMR / 22.00
Northern fulmar / Fulmarus glacialis / Eynhallow (UK) / B / (3) / not / 27.00
Southern fulmar / Fulmarus glacialoides / Antarctica / B / (3) / not / 26.00
Barn swallow / Hirundo rustica / Kraghede (Denmark) / B / (10) / CMR / 3.00
White-tailed ptarmigan / Lagopus leucurus / Mt Evans, Colorado (USA) / B / (11) / not / 2.00
California gull / Larus californicus / Bamforth Lake, Wyoming (USA) / B / (12) / CMR / 14.00
Common gull / Larus canus / Matsalu Nature Reserve (Estonia) / B / (13) / CMR / 13.00
Black-capped chickadee / Parus atricapillus / White Memorial Fundation, Connecticut (USA) / B / (14) / CMR / 4.00
Great tit / Parus major / Wytham Wood (UK) / B / (3) / not / 1.50
Great tit / Parus major / Wython Woods, Oxford (UK) / B / (15) / not / 4.00
Willow tit / Parus montanus / Oulu (Finland) / B / (16) / CMR / 4.00
House sparrow / Passer domesticus / Northern Norway / B / (3) / not / 1.00
Siberian jay / Perisoreus infaustus / Kristinestad and Närpes (Finland) / B / (3) / not / 9.00
European shag / Phalacrocorax aristotelis / Isle of May (UK) / B / (17) / CMR / 11.00
Green woodhoopooe / Phoeniculus purpurues / Lake Naivasha (South Africa) / B / (18) / not / 7.00
Short-tailed shearwater / Puffinus tenuirostris / Fisher Island (Australia) / B / (19) / not / 28.00
Cliff swallow / Pyrrhonota pyrrhonota / Nebraska (USA) / B / (20) / CMR / 5.00
Black-legged kittiwake / Rissa tridactyla / Isle of May (UK) / B / (21) / CMR / 13.50
Black-legged kittiwake / Rissa tridactyla / North Shileds (UK) / B / (22) / CMR / 16.00
Common tern / Sterna hirundo / Wilhelmshaven (Germany) / B / (3) / not / 12.00
Ural owl / Strix uralensis / Paijat-Hame, Finland / B / (3) / not / 8.00
Nazca booby / Sula granti / Isla Espanola, Galapagos (Ecuador) / B / (23) / not / 19.00
Southern Buller’s albatross / Thalassarche bulleri bulleri / The Snares (New Zealand) / B / (24) / CMR / 32.00
Barn owl / Tyto alba / Western Switzerland / B / (3) / not / 6.00
Cheetah / Acynonyx jubatus / Serengeti (Tanzania) / M / (26) / not / 10.00
Moose / Alces alces / Isle Royale (Canada) / M / (27) / CMR / 7.00
Moose / Alces alces / Northern Sweden / M / (28) / not / 13.00
Pronghorn / Antilocapra americana / National Bison Range Montana (USA) / M / (29) / CMR / 10.50
Antarctic fur seal / Arctocephalus gazella / South Georgia / M / (30) / not / 9.00
Alpine ibex / Capra ibex / Belledone (France) / M / (31) / CMR / 7.00
Roe deer / Capreolus capreolus / Chizé (France) / M / (32) / CMR / 8.00
Roe deer / Capreolus capreolus / Trois Fontaines (France) / M / (33) / CMR / 6.00
Red deer / Cervus elaphus / Rum (Scotland) / M / (34) / not / 10.00
Spotted hyena / Crocuta crocuta / Serengeti (Tanzania) / M / (35) / not / 14.00
Black-tailed prairie dog / Cynomys ludovicianus / Wind Cave National Park, South Dakota (USA) / M / (36) / not / 2.00
Asian elephant / Elephas maximus / Southern India / M / (37) / not / 47.50
Feral horse / Equus caballus / Montana (USA) / M / (38) / not / 14.00
Hedgehog / Erinaceus europaeus / Scania (Sweden) / M / (39) / not / 3.17
Gorilla / Gorilla gorilla gorilla / Captive wild born Gorillas / M / (40) / not / 26.00
African elephant / Loxodonta africana / Amboseli (Kenya) / M / (41) / not / 30.00
Japanese macaques / Macaca fuscata / Arashiyama (Japan) / M / (42) / not / 21.00
Rhesus macaques / Macaca mulatta / La Cueva Island (Puerto Rico) / M / (43) / not / 8.00
Pig-tailed macaques / Macaca nemestrina / University of Washington (USA) / M / (44) / not / 15.00
Mandrill / Mandrillus sphinx / CIRMF Franceville (Gabon) / M / (45) / not / 20.00
Yellow-bellied marmot / Marmota flaviventris / East River Valley Colorado (USA) / M / (46) / not / 7.00
Badger / Meles meles / Bristol (UK) / M / (47) / not / 4.00
Badger / Meles meles / Woodchester Park (UK) / M / (48) / CMR / 9.00
Southern elephant seal / Mirounga leonina / Macquarie Island / M / (49) / not / 10.00
White-tailed deer / Odocoileus virginianus / Chippewa National Forest Minnesota (USA) / M / (50) / CMR / 5.00
Mountain goat / Oreamnos americanus / Caw Ridge (Canada) / M / (51) / CMR / 9.00
Soay sheep / Ovis aries / Hirta St Kilda (Scotland) / M / (52) / CMR / 7.00
Bighorn sheep / Ovis canadensis / Ram Mountain (Canada) / M / (33) / CMR / 6.50
Bighorn sheep / Ovis canadensis / Sheep River (Canada) / M / (33) / CMR / 8.50
Chimpanzee / Pan troglodytes schweinfurthii / Gombe (Tanzania) / M / (53) / not / 26.00
Lion / Panthera leo / Serengeti (Tanzania) / M / (54) / not / 8.00
Savannah baboon / Papio hamadryas anubis / Gombe (Tanzania) / M / (55) / not / 17.00
Baboon / Papio hamadryas cynocephalus / Serengeti (Tanzania) / M / (54) / not / 10.00
Savannah baboon / Papio hamadryas cynocephalus / SFBR Texas (USA) / M / (55) / not / 24.00
Savannah baboon / Papio hamadryas cynocephalus / Amboseli (Kenya) / M / (56) / not / 18.00
White-footed mouse / Peromyscus leucopus / George Reserve Michigan (USA) / M / (57) / not / 0.38
Sifaka / Propithecus verreauxi verreauxi / Beza Mahafaly (Madagascar) / M / (58) / not / 17.50
Isard / Rupicapra pyrenaica / Orlu (France) / M / (33) / CMR / 7.00
Isard / Rupicapra pyrenaica / Parc National des Pyrénées (France) / M / (59) / not / 9.00
Gray squirrel / Sciurus carolinensis / North Carolina (USA) / M / (60) / not / 6.00
Belding’s ground squirrel / Spermophilus beldingi / Tioga pass, Sierra Nevada (USA) / M / (61) / not / 7.00
Red squirrel / Tamiasciurus hudsonicus / Kluane, Yukon (Canada) / M / (62) / CMR / 5.00
Greater kudu / Tragelaphus strepsiceros / Pretoria kop, Kruger National Park (South Africa) / M / (63) / CMR / 6.50
Greater kudu / Tragelaphus strepsiceros / Tshokwane, Kruger National Park (South Africa) / M / (63) / CMR / 7.00
Black bear / Ursus americanus / Eastern Ontario (Canada) / M / (64) / CMR / 13.00
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