EOC Review Guide
Unit 1 : Biochemistry
1. List the 5 properties of water.
2. Give the pH values for an acid and a base.
3. What do buffers do?
4. Define monomer and polymer.
5. Define organic.
6. What are the most common elements in living things?
7. List the four types of organic compounds.
8. Fill in the following chart : 4 Types of Organic Compounds
Elements found / Monomer unit(Subunit) / Functions / Examples / Indicators
9. What is an enzyme and what does it do?
10. Label the following diagram:
11. Summarize how an enzyme functions.
12. List the three factors that affect enzyme functioning.
13. What does it mean for an enzyme to be denatured?
Unit 2 : Cell Organelles
14. Write the three statements of the Cell Theory.
15. Which type of microscope has the greatest magnification?
16. What are the two main types of cells?
17. How do you calculate total magnification of a microscope?
18. How do you regulate the amount of light on a specimen?
19. How do you use the microscope to view a specimen (coarse adjustment/fine adjustment?)
20. Fill in the following chart :Two Main Types of Cells
Prokaryotic / EukaryoticExamples
List organelles present (for eukaryotic differentiate between plant and animal)
21. Fill in the following chart:Cell Organelles of Eukaryotic Cells
Organelle / Function / Cells that have itPlasma membrane
Cell wall
Cytoplasm
Ribosomes
Nucleus
Nucleolus
Mitochondria
Golgi Body
Lysosome
ER
Vacuole
Chloroplast
Centriole
Cilia
Flagella
Contractile vacuole
Eyespot
Pseudopod
22. Label the following cells:
A. What type of cell is this?
B. What type of cell is this?
C. What type of cell is this? D. What type of cell is this?
E. What type of cell is this?
F. What type of cell is this?
23. What is a stem cell?
24. How does a stem cell become differentiated (specialized)?
25. Fill in the following chart : Cell Differentiation
What type of cell is pictured below?Structure that allows them to function / / / / / /
Function
Unit 3 : Homeostasis and Cell Transport
26. Define homeostasis.
27. How does our body maintain homeostasis of our blood pH?
28. How does our body maintain homeostasis of our temperature?
29. What does our body do if our blood sugar becomes too high?
30. What does our body do if our blood sugar becomes too low?
31. How does our body maintain water balance?
32. What are the functions of the plasma membrane?
33. The plasma membrane is semi-permeable. What does this mean?
34. Label the following plasma membrane:
35. What is a concentration gradient?
36. Fill in the following chart: Types of Transport
Direction / Is ATP required? / Is equilibrium reached?Active Transport
Passive Transport
37. Fill in the following chart: Types of Passive Transport
Direction / Is ATP required? / What is being transported? / Is a membrane protein needed?Diffusion
Osmosis
Facilitated Diffusion
38. Fill in the following chart : Osmotic Pressure (Osmosis)
Location of Higher conc. of solutes / Location of Higher conc. of water / Direction of water movement / Change in cell sizeHypOtonic
Hypertonic
Isotonic
39. Fill in the appropriate percentages inside the cells and outside the cell so that they total to 100%. Label the type of solution. Draw arrows to show the movement of water with relation to the cells.
40. What is turgor pressure?
41. Define dynamic equilibrium.
42. What would happen to a freshwater fish placed in salt water? Why?
43. What would happen to a red blood cell placed in distilled water? Why? (Distilled water = 0 solutes)
Unit 4 : Photosynthesis, ATP, and Cellular Respiration
44. Fill in the following chart : Photosynthesis and Cellular Respiration
Photosynthesis / Cellular RespirationWhich organisms undergo this?
Where does this occur? (organelles)
What is used/needed?
(reactants)
What is created/made?
(products)
What factors affect the rate of this process?
45. Write out the chemical equation for photosynthesis.
46. Write out the chemical equation for aerobic cellular respiration.
47. Write out the chemical equation for anaerobic cellular respiration in animals.
48. Write out the chemical equation for anaerobic cellular respiration in plants and yeast.
49. Which process makes ATP?
50. Which process makes the most ATP?
51. Where is energy stored within the ATP molecule?
52. How is energy released within the ATP molecule?
53. List processes that require the use of ATP.
Unit 5 : Cell Cycle
54. Define the cell cycle. Cell cycle is the
55. List the 5 stages of the cell cycle in order.
56. Describe what happens in each of the following stages:
- G1:
b. S:
c. G2:
d. Mitosis:
e. Cytokinesis:
57. What is interphase?
58. Why must the“S stage” occur prior to the“mitosis stage”?
59. What is DNA replication?
60. A strand of DNA has the following sequence: ATGCCGATCGCATGT. What would the complementary DNA sequence be?
61. Give the relationship between chromatin, chromosomes, and doubled chromosomes.
62. Fill in the following chart :Phases of Mitosis
Summary of what happens / DrawingProphase
Metaphase
Anaphase
Telophase / .
63. What is the end result of mitosis?
64. Which cells undergo mitosis?
65. What happens during cytokinesis?
66. What is the purpose of mitosis in unicellular organisms?
67. What is the purpose of mitosis in multicellular organisms?
68. What causes cancer?
69. What mutagens cause the following cancers:
a. Skin cancer:
b. Lung cancer:
c. Leukemia:
Unit 6 :Protein Synthesis
70. What does DNA code for?
71. What determines which protein will be made?
72. Draw a DNA nucleotide and label it’s parts.
73. Which is stronger, hydrogen bonds or covalent bonds?
74. Draw a double helix DNA strand with the following bases on one side: ATGC, labeling the following: bases, sugars, phosphates, hydrogen bonds, covalent bonds
75. What are proteins made up of?
76. How many amino acids are there?
77. How are different proteins made from amino acids?
78. What bond holds amino acids together?
79. Fill in the following chart : DNA molecule vs. RNA molecule
DNA / RNASugar
Number of strands
Nitrogen Bases
Made up of
80. What is the function of mRNA?
81. What is the function of tRNA?
82. Fill in the following chart: Protein Synthesis (making a protein)
Transcription / TranslationWhere it takes place
What happens
What is the end result
76. Differentiate between a codon and an anticodon.
77. What do start and stop codons do?
78. If you have the following mRNA strand AUG GCA GGA UUU UAA, what are the amino acids that will be joined together to create the protein?
79. If you have the DNA strand of ATA CCG ATA GAT, what would be the mRNA strand created by transcription?
80. What is the amino acid sequence created from the mRNA strand above?
81. Describe what is happening in the diagram below.
82. What causes a mutation?
83. Describe each type of DNA mutation listed below.
- point (substitution):
b. deletion:
c. insertion:
84. What causes sickle cell anemia?
Unit 7 : DNA Technology
85. What does gel electrophoresis do to DNA?
86. Give 2 uses for gel electrophoresis.(
87. Identify the DNA sample that matches the “unknown” sample. “Who done it?”
88. What does PCR (polymerase chain reaction) do to DNA?
89. What is biotechnology?
90. What is genetic engineering?
91. What is recombinant DNA?
92. What is a clone?
93. What is the name of an organism that contains recombinant DNA?
94. What is used to cut out a gene from an organism’s cell?
95. List 2 applications using transgenic organisms.
96. Define bacterial transformation.
97. Why is the Human Genome Project significant?
98. What is gene therapy? Give an example.
99. What is the significance of stem cell research?
100. Where can we find stem cells?
101. What is a GMO and give an example.
Unit 8 : Reproduction and Genetics
102. How is asexual reproduction different from sexual reproduction?
103. Describe each of the four types of asexual reproduction.
a. binary fission –
b. mitosis –
c. regeneration –
d. budding –
104. Complete the following chart : Mitosis and Meiosis
Mitosis / MeiosisOccurs in which type of cell?
Produces what type of cell?
Produces how many cells?
How many divisions? (PMAT)
Asexual or Sexual reproduction?
105. What is a zygote?
106. What is crossing over?
107. What is nondisjunction?
108. Rewrite the following rules of genetics in your own words :
a. Rule of Independent Assortment
b. Rule of Segregation
c. Rule of Dominance
109. Define the following genetic terms:
a. allele -
b. homozygous (purebred) -
c. heterozygous (hybrid) –
d. dominant –
e. recessive –
f. genotype –
g. phenotype -
110. Beable to complete the following Punnett Squares.
Simple Monohybrid
In guinea pigs, black fur is dominant to white fur. If a female guinea pig heterozygous for black fur is mated with a male that is homozygous recessive for white fur, what are the genotypic and phenotypic ratios of their offspring?
Key :Parent cross :Punnett Square:
Answer: ______
Testcross
In plants purple flowers are dominant to white flowers. Perform a testcross on a plant that is purple and produces some purple flowers. What is the missing parent’s genotype?
Key :Parent cross :Punnett Square:
Answer: ______
Incomplete Dominance
In tulips, red flowers are incompletely dominant to white flowers.
What are the genotypes and phenotypes resulting from the cross of a pink flower and a white flower?
Key :Parent cross :Punnett Square:
Answer: ______
Codominance
In guinea pigs, white fur is codominant to black fur. Cross a black guinea pig with a heterozygous guinea pig. What is the percent chance that an offspring will be black?
Key :Parent cross :Punnett Square:
Answer: ______
Blood Typing
If a mother has type A blood and she has a son with type O blood, can the father have type AB blood? Show the genotypes of the parents and the son. Then show the Punnett Square of the two parents which shows the probabilities of their possible offspring.
Mother’s Genotype:
Father’s Genotype:
Son’s Genotype:
What are the genotypes of the possible offspring? ______
Punnett Square:
Sex-Linked
Hemophilia is a recessive sex-linked disorder. What is the probability that a carrier female and an affected male will have an affected son?
Key :Parent cross :Punnett Square:
What is the percent chance that they will have an affected son? ______
What is the percent chance that they will have an affected female? ______
111. Can an affected male give his son a sex-linked trait? ______Why or why not?
112. When is a testcross used?
113. How is incomplete dominance different from codominance?
114. Which chromosome carries sex-linked traits?
115. Which chromosomes carry autosomal traits?
116. Which gender has a higher frequency of sex-linked traits? Why?
117. Define and give an example of a polygenic trait.
118. Give an example of a human trait that has multiple alleles.
119.Complete the following chart: Human Genetic Disorders
Trait / Characteristics / Mode of InheritanceColorblindness
Hemophilia
Cystic fibrosis
Tay Sachs
Phenylkentonuria (PKU)
Huntington's Disease
Sickle Cell Anemia
Albinism
120. Label the following pedigree by giving each person a genotype.
121. What 2 pieces of information can you see from a karyotype?
122. Answer the questions about the following karyotypes:
A.
B.
.
C.
D.
122. What causes monosomy or trisomy?
123. List 3 factors that influence your genes.
124. Give 2 examples of how environmental factors can impact the expression of genetic traits.
Unit 9 : Evolution
125. What is evolution?
126. What was early Earth like?
127. What is hypothesized to be the first living organism?
129. Differentiate between abiogenesis and biogenesis.
131. Summarize Darwin’s theory, Natural Selection.
132. Describe the following examples of natural selection.
a. Peppered Moth –
b. Antibiotic Resistance -
133. What must be present in order for natural selection to occur?
134. What are sources of variation?
135. How are fossils an evidence of evolution?
136. Fill in the following chart : Evidence of Evolution - Shared Anatomical Structures
Description / ExampleHomologous
Analogous
Vestigial
137. What does similar DNA sequence between two organisms indicate?
138. Differentiate between divergent and convergent evolution.
139. What happens during adaptive radiation?
140. What is co-evolution?
141. Define a species.
142. Define speciation.
143. Give two causes of speciation.
144. List the two time frames in which speciation occurs.
145. Draw a graph for each of the following types of selection in nature:
a. stabilizingb. directionalc. disruptive
146. List 4 things that drive evolution to occur.
147. List 3 examples of adaptations that aid in the survival of an organism.
148. What allows some species to be more resistant than others?
149. Give an example of resistance.
150. How can active and passive immunities be achieved?
151. What is a vaccine and how does it build active immunity?
152. What is the relationship between antibodies and antigens?
153. What does our body do in response to the presence of an antigen?
Unit 10 : Classification and Kingdoms
154. Which two taxa are used to make up the scientific name of an organism?
155. List all 7 taxonomic names in order from broadest to most specific.
157. If two organisms belong to the same order, what other taxonomic categories do they share?
In the table below, which two organisms are most closely related?
Why do you know they are the two most closely related?
158. When would you use a dichotomous key?
159. Use the following dichotomous key to identify the organisms:
1. Teeth visible ...... go to 2
.....Teeth not visible ...... go to 4
2. Has a wide, toothy smile ...... Smilustoothyus
....Is not smiling ...... go to 3
3. Visibly crying ...... Smilusdramaticus
.... Frowning ...... Smilusupsettus
4. Eyes are symmetrical ....go to 5
....Eyes not symmetrical .....go to 8
5. Eyes shaped like hearts .....Smilusvalentinus
....Eyes are shaped as ovals .....go to 6
6. Smiling, happy face ...... Smilustraditionalis
.....Not happy, frowning or other .....go to 7
7. Mouth curved down, frowning ....Smilussaddus
.... Mouth is a small circle ...... Smilussuprisus
8. Has a pirate eye patch ...... Smiluspiratus
....Does not have eye patch ...... go to 9
9. One eye is much larger than the other eye
...... Smilusmutatus
One eye is winking ...... Smiluswinkus
______/
______/
______/
______/
______
159. What do phylogenetic trees tell us?
160. Use the phylogenetic tree below to answer the following questions:
A. Which organism is most closely related to birds?
B. Which organism is most closely related to turtles?
C. Which organism is most primitive?
D. Which organism is most complex?
161. Fill in the following chart: 6 Kingdoms
Archaebacteria / Eubacteria / Protista / Fungi / Plantae / AnimaliaCell Type
Cell Number
Nutrition
Example
(1-3)
Unit 11 : Microbiology
162. Give 2 reasons why viruses arenot included in any of the 6 kingdoms.
163. Why is the shape of the virus relevant to its function?
164. Give 3 examples of viruses.
165. Summarize a viral invasion.
166. Which kingdoms contain organisms that are prokaryotic, unicellular, and may be either autotrophic or heterotrophic?
170. Draw and label a bacterial cell.
171. How do antibiotics work?
172. Why don’t antibiotics work against viruses?
173. List 2 ways that bacteria reproduce.
174. List 3 ways that bacteria make positive contributions.
175. Which kingdom includes eukaryotic cells, unicellular or multicellular, autotrophic or heterotrophic organisms? (hint : most biodiverse kingdom)
176. Fill in the following chart :Protist Parts
Organelle / Function/Description / Protists that have thisContractive vacuole
Pseudopodia
Flagella
Cilia
Spores
Eyespots
177. Which kingdom contains eukaryotic cells that are either unicellular or multicellular and are heterotrophic (decomposers)?
178. What does it mean to be a decomposer?
179. Give an example of fungi that is unicellular and one that is multicellular.
180. List the two ways that fungi reproduce.
Unit 12 Plants and Animals
181. Which kingdom contains organisms that are eukaryotic, multicellular, and autotrophic?
182. What are the major functions of the roots?
183. How are root hairs an adaptation?
184. Define the two types of vascular tissues found in the stems.
a. xylem
b. phloem
185. What does a nonvascular plant use to transport water and glucose?
186. Which organelle is found in the highest concentration in the leaves?
187. What purpose does the cuticle serve for the plant leaves?
188. Define transpiration.
189. What happens through the stomata?
190. What controls the size of the stomata?
191. List the adaptations of moss that aid in their survival.
192. What is the difference between gymnosperms and angiosperms?
193. What do gymnosperms use for reproduction?
194. What do angiosperms use for reproduction?
195. Label and give the functions to all the parts of the flower below.
196. What is the relationship between pollination and fertilization?
197. What is a fruit?
198. Give 2 differences between a monocot and a dicot.
199. How are seeds an adaptive advantage?
200. List the parts and functions of a seed.
201. Which kingdom contains organisms that are eukaryotic, multicellular and heterotrophic?
202. Define the following life functions:
a. Transport -
b. Excretion –
c. Respiration –
d. Nutrition –
203. Define the following forms of reproduction:
a. sexual reproduction –
b. asexual reproduction –
c. hermaphrodite –
d. internal fertilization –
e. external fertilization –
204. How is being a hermaphrodite an adaptation for some organisms?
205. What is the difference between an exoskeleton and anendoskeleton.
206. What is the difference between invertebrates and vertebrates?
204. What is the difference between endotherms and ectotherms?
205. Fill in the following chart : Invertebrate Phyla
Examples / Reproduction / Excretion / RespirationPorifera
Annelida
Arthropoda
206. To which phyla do all vertebrates belong?
207. Which form of reproduction do all vertebrates have in common?
208. Fill in the following chart : Vertebrate Classes
Examples / Respiration / Heart Chambers / Temperature / FertilizationFish
Amphibia
Reptile
Aves
Mammalia
209. List and describe the three kinds of mammals.
210. What are the two kinds of animal behavior?
211. Fill in the following chart : Animal Behaviors
Innate or Learned / Description / ExampleReflex
Fight or flight
Courtship
Aggression / territorial
Dominance hierarchy
Migration
Hibernation
Estivation
Circadian rhythm
Taxis
Suckling
Pheromones
Habituation
Imprinting
Trial and error
Classical conditioning
Insight
Unit 13: Ecology
212. Define the following terms:
a. abiotic
b. biotic
c. population
d. community
e. ecosystem
f. consumer/hetertroph
g. producer/autotroph
h. niche
i. habitat
213. Define and give an example of each the following types of consumers:
a. carnivore
b. herbivore
c. omnivore
d. decomposer
e. scavenger
214. List the ways that carbon enters the atmosphere.
215. List the only way that carbon can leave the atmosphere.
216. Define the greenhouse effect and how it impacts the environment.
217. How does nitrogen convert from a gas to a solid?
218. Why do plants need nitrogen?