Environmental Science and Pollution Research International

Environmental Science and Pollution Research International

Electronic Supplementary Material

Integrated spatial health assessment of yellow perch (Perca flavescens) populations from the St. Lawrence River (QC, Canada), Part A: physiological parameters and pathogens presence

Maeva Giraudoa*, Audrey Bruneaua, Andrée Gendrona, Philippe Brodeurb, Martin Pilotea, David Marcogliesea, Christian Gagnona, Magali Houdea

a Environment and Climate Change Canada, Aquatic Contaminants Research Division, Water Science and Technology Directorate, 105 McGill street, Montreal, QC, Canada, H2Y 2E7

b Ministère des Ressources naturelles et de la Faune, Direction de l'expertise de la Mauricie et du Centre-du-Québec, 100, rue Laviolette, bureau 207, Trois-Rivières, QC G9A 5S9, Canada

*Corresponding author:

Maeva Giraudo

Environment and Climate Change Canada

105 McGill Street, Montreal, QC, Canada, H2Y 2E7

Tel: +1-514-283-5036

Fax: +1-514-496-7398

Email:

Online resource Table S1: Mean concentrations ± SD of major ions, metals and trace elements measured in SLR surface water (µg/L or mg/L) and yellow perch liver (mg/kg). Total and dissolved fractions are indicated for each compound. Highest concentrations are in bold. Different letters indicate significantly different concentrations between sites (p<0.05). Concentration highlighted in grey exceeds the criteria levels of chronic effect on aquatic life (MDDELCC 2013). Method limits of detection (MLOD) are indicated.

MLOD / LSF / LSL-S / LSL-N / BI / LSP-S / LSP-N
Cu / water total / 0.01 / 0.59 ± 0.01c / 1.56 ± 0.34ab / 1.35 ± 0.05ab / 1.62 ± 0.42a / 1.01 ± 0.06b
(µg/L) / water dissolved / 0.01 / 0.56 ± 0.01d / 0.70 ± 0.02a / 1.02 ± 0.01c / 1.07 ± 0.02a / 0.84 ± 0.05b
liver / 0.39 / 3.25 ± 1.93bc / 2.30 ± 0.56c / 3.46 ± 1.18b / 2.91 ± 1.29bc / 8.64 ± 3.84a / 9.22 ± 4.37a
Zn / water total / 0.05 / 0.40 ± 0.13c / 2.56 ± 0.82a / 2.93 ± 0.10ab / 3.17 ± 1.67a / 1.13 ± 0.47b
(µg/L) / water dissolved / 0.05 / 0.32 ± 0.12b / 0.30 ± 0.02ab / 0.57 ± 0.06b / 0.86 ± 0.07a / 0.46 ± 0.30ab
liver / 0.37 / 26.90 ± 4.04b / 23.29 ± 2.60c / 31.10 ± 3.95a / 30.33 ± 3.56ab / 27.38 ± 2.25b / 29.00 ± 4.14ab
As / water total / 0.01 / 0.67 ± 0.002b / 0.81 ± 0.02c / 0.48 ± 0.01a / 0.81 ± 0.04a / 0.35 ± 0.03d
(µg/L) / water dissolved / 0.01 / 0.64 ± 0.01b / 0.69 ± 0.002c / 0.40 ± 0.01a / 0.69 ± 0.02a / 0.30 ± 0.01d
liver / 0.05 / 0.12 ± 0.05 / 0.11 ± 0.05 / 0.18 ± 0.12 / 0.08 ± 0.03 / 0.10 ± 0.07 / 0.16 ± 0.14
Ag / water total / 0.001 / 0.002 ± 0.001b / 0.005 ± 0.002a / 0.005 ± 0.001a / 0.007 ± 0.004a / 0.004 ± 0.001ab
(µg/L) / water dissolved / 0.001 / 0.001 ± 0.0001 / 0.001 ± 0.001 / 0.001 ± 0.0001 / 0.002 ± 0.001 / 0.002 ± 0.001
liver / 0.013 / <MLOD / <MLOD / <MLOD / <MLOD / 0.01 ± 0.01 / 0.03 ± 0.03
Cd / water total / 0.001 / 0.004 ± 0.001b / 0.022 ± 0.01a / 0.02 ± 0.001a / 0.02 ± 0.01a / 0.006 ± 0.001b
(µg/L) / water dissolved / 0.001 / 0.003 ± 0.0001b / 0.006 ± 0.001a / 0.01 ± 0.001a / 0.01 ± 0.001a / 0.003 ± 0.001b
liver / 0.001 / 0.065 ± 0.05d / 0.17 ± 0.06bc / 0.29 ± 0.11a / 0.30 ± 0.09a / 0.15 ± 0.07c / 0.34 ± 0.24ab
Pb / water total / 0.003 / 0.05 ± 0.01c / 0.61 ± 0.29a / 0.55 ± 0.04a / 1.12 ± 1.33ab / 0.23 ± 0.04b
(µg/L) / water dissolved / 0.003 / 0.01 ± 0.003 / 0.03 ± 0.01 / 0.04 ± 0.01 / 0.03 ± 0.02 / 0.05 ± 0.06
liver / 0.008 / <MLOD / <MLOD / 0.02 ± 0.03 / 0.02 ± 0.02 / <MLOD / <MLOD
Na / water total / 0.05 / 10.02 ± 0.26a / 10.75 ± 0.43c / 4.05 ± 0.23a / 10.32 ± 0.41a / 5.14 ± 0.39b
(mg/L) / water dissolved / 0.05 / 10.20 ± 0.16b / 11.44 ± 0.14d / 4.02 ± 0.08a / 10.50 ± 0.35ab / 5.11 ± 0.30c
liver / 10.23 / 1269.80 ± 204.50a / 135.045 ± 213.78a / 1306.49 ± 177.45a / 901.76 ± 109.04b / 808.22 ± 173.89b / 853.23 ± 171.20b
Mg / water total / 0.05 / 6.33 ± 0.17ab / 6.85 ± 0.22c / 2.48 ± 0.15a / 5.96 ± 0.16b / 2.60 ± 0.16c
(mg/L) / water dissolved / 0.05 / 6.46 ± 0.04ab / 7.04 ± 0.13c / 2.37 ± 0.04a / 5.94 ± 0.25b / 2.55 ± 0.18c
liver / 9.60 / 208.47 ± 22.08c / 210.89 ± 23.73c / 220.76 ± 22.85c / 230.71 ± 28.09bc / 254.29 ± 25.46ab / 287.99 ± 32.13a
Al / water total / 2 / 19.38 ± 2.85c / 444.40 ± 143.41a / 266.33 ± 7.88a / 236.73 ± 109.47ab / 105.10 ± 57.70b
(µg/L) / water dissolved / 2 / 4.45 ± 1.87 / 13.35 ± 6.56 / 20.54 ± 9.40 / 13.17 ± 6.55 / 30.34 ± 35.28
liver / 1.55 / 2.52 ± 3.21ab / 2.54 ± 2.21ab / 2.25 ± 1.59 ab / 2.54 ± 2.52 ab / <MLOD b / 3.10 ± 2.27a
K / water total / 0.05 / 1.09 ± 0.02b / 1.21 ± 0.04d / 0.71 ± 0.03ab / 1.26 ± 0.03a / 0.72 ± 0.18c
(mg/L) / water dissolved / 0.05 / 1.13 ± 0.01b / 1.24 ± 0.01d / 0.65 ± 0.01a / 1.23 ± 0.04ab / 0.70 ± 0.16c
liver / 20.36 / 3141.49 ± 344.10b / 3121.29 ± 426.10b / 3506.37 ± 376.85ab / 3522.69 ± 454.49ab / 3552.32 ± 465.99ab / 4000.54 ± 773.28a
Ca / water total / 0.05 / 25.10 ± 0.31ab / 28.06 ± 0.95c / 9.89 ± 0.54a / 24.36 ± 0.88b / 8.03 ± 0.66d
(mg/L) / water dissolved / 0.05 / 23.70 ± 1.93a / 25.26 ± 0.28b / 9.70 ± 0.10a / 22.75 ± 0.62a / 7.85 ± 0.58c
liver / 10.97 / 157.29 ± 306.49 / 46.32 ± 17.66 / 86.47 ± 93.66 / 262.60 ± 772.79 / 61.34 ± 45.40 / 61.72 ± 14.45
V / water total / 0.01 / 0.21 ± 0.01c / 1.08 ± 0.24ab / 0.80 ± 0.07a / 0.80 ± 0.28ab / 0.55 ± 0.17b
(µg/L) / water dissolved / 0.01 / 0.17 ± 0.01b / 0.33 ± 0.04a / 0.28 ± 0.02a / 0.32 ± 0.03a / 0.19 ± 0.16c
liver / 0.02 / 0.15 ± 0.05 / 0.31 ± 0.08 / 0.39 ± 0.19 / 0.26 ± 0.05 / 0.47 ± 0.50 / 1.02 ± 0.66
Cr / water total / 0.01 / 0.11 ± 0.01c / 0.72 ± 0.17a / 0.69 ± 0.06a / 0.62 ± 0.27ab / 0.33 ± 0.09b
(µg/L) / water dissolved / 0.01 / 0.08 ± 0.01c / 0.09 ± 0.01a / 0.21 ± 0.02c / 0.12 ± 0.02c / 0.17 ± 0.07ab
liver / 0.09 / <MLOD / 0.01 ± 0.20 / <MLOD / 0.03 ± 0.03 / <MLOD / <MLOD
Mn / water total / 0.01 / 2.98 ± 0.41d / 8.02 ± 0.99b / 18.77 ± 1.75c / 32.25 ± 7.94a / 22.17 ± 20.71c
(µg/L) / water dissolved / 0.01 / 3.37 ± 2.68bc / 2.53 ± 0.04b / 5.73 ± 0.62bc / 17.90 ± 1.20a / 6.47 ± 9.33c
liver / 0.02 / 1.25 ± 0.31cd / 1.10 ± 0.19d / 1.55 ± 0.27bc / 1.49 ± 0.42bc / 2.16 ± 0.85ab / 3.27 ± 1.08a
Fe / water total / 0.5 / 41.44 ± 4.63b / 394.37 ± 109.48a / 397.47 ± 23.38a / 420.13 ± 206.31a / 629.43 ± 138.05a
(µg/L) / water dissolved / 0.5 / 7.39 ± 3.77b / 11.89 ± 6.34ab / 36.22 ± 14.60b / 29.29 ± 0.73ab / 150.40 ± 180.23a
liver / 0.35 / 77.28 ± 62.31b / 104.87 ± 40.72ab / 157.02 ± 86.03b / 147.30 ± 72.48a / 81.29 ± 59.07b / 145.34 ± 129.30ab
Co / water total / 0.002 / 0.02 ± 0.003c / 0.24 ± 0.05b / 0.18 ± 0.01b / 0.60 ± 0.18a / 0.14 ± 0.09b
(µg/L) / water dissolved / 0.002 / 0.02 ± 0.004c / 0.03 ± 0.001b / 0.04 ± 0.005b / 0.33 ± 0.02a / 0.05 ± 0.04bc
liver / 0.003 / 0.09 ± 0.04b / 0.10 ± 0.04b / 0.12 ± 0.05ab / 0.20 ± 0.12a / 0.11 ± 0.06ab / 0.21 ± 0.18ab
Ni / water total / 0.005 / 0.44 ± 0.004c / 1.26 ± 0.25ab / 0.93 ± 0.03a / 0.10 ± 0.18ab / 0.76 ± 0.06b
(µg/L) / water dissolved / 0.005 / 0.46 ± 0.01c / 0.55 ± 0.02b / 0.55 ± 0.02b / 0.91 ± 0.34a / 0.62 ± 0.07b
liver / 0.96 / <MLOD / <MLOD / <MLOD / <MLOD / <MLOD / <MLOD
Se / water total / 0.05 / 0.06 ± 0.002bc / 0.13 ± 0.02ab / 0.10 ± 0.01a / 0.11 ± 0.01a / <MLOD
(µg/L) / water dissolved / 0.05 / 0.07 ± 0.01a / 0.07 ± 0.01a / 0.06 ± 0.01a / 0.08 ± 0.02a / <MLOD
liver / 0.06 / 2.03 ± 0.37bc / 2.82 ± 0.98a / 1.71 ± 0.46cd / 2.47 ± 0.38ab / 1.09 ± 0.17e / 1.54 ± 0.51d
Sr / water total / 0.05 / 143.43 ± 3.35ab / 154.60 ± 5.14c / 50.49 ± 2.49a / 132.93 ± 7.32b / 45.77 ± 3.64c
(µg/L) / water dissolved / 0.05 / 140.67 ± 5.92a / 145.97 ± 3.11c / 48.45 ± 2.54a / 124.50 ± 5.12b / 43.03 ± 2.39d
liver / 0.01 / 0.24 ± 0.48ab / 0.13 ± 0.07a / 0.16 ± 0.14a / 0.22 ± 0.56b / 0.07 ± 0.04b / 0.07 ± 0.02b
Mo / water total / 0.01 / 0.90 ± 0.04ab / 0.96 ± 0.07c / 0.26 ± 0.01a / 0.78 ± 0.04b / 0.19 ± 0.02d
(µg/L) / water dissolved / 0.01 / 0.95 ± 0.06ab / 1.04 ± 0.02c / 0.25 ± 0.01a / 0.79 ± 0.03b / 0.18 ± 0.03d
liver / 0.006 / 0.16 ± 0.04b / 0.20 ± 0.05ab / 0.21 ± 0.03a / 0.18 ± 0.03ab / 0.16 ± 0.02b / 0.16 ± 0.03b
Ba / water total / 0.05 / 19.00 ± 0.39b / 25.23 ± 1.24c / 16.39 ± 0.70a / 20.88 ± 0.15b / 10.85 ± 0.90d
(µg/L) / water dissolved / 0.05 / 17.60 ± 1.37a / 16.06 ± 0.88b / 12.46 ± 0.38a / 16.11 ± 1.31a / 8.30 ± 0.46c
liver / 0.01 / 0.05 ± 0.09ab / 0.03 ± 0.03b / 0.07 ± 0.06a / 0.04 ± 0.05 b / 0.02 ± 0.01 b / 0.08 ± 0.12 ab
U / water total / 0.001 / 0.31 ± 0.02b / 0.47 ± 0.03c / 0.14 ± 0.005a / 0.31 ± 0.03b / 0.06 ± 0.01d
(µg/L) / water dissolved / 0.001 / 0.30 ± 0.05b / 0.40 ± 0.01c / 0.10 ± 0.01a / 0.30 ± 0.01b / 0.05 ± 0.01d
liver / 0.000 / 0.0002 ± 0.0003c / 0.001 ± 0.0004bc / 0.001 ± 0.0005ab / 0.001 ± 0.0002b / 0.001 ± 0.001ab / 0.002 ± 0.001a

Online resource Table S2: List of histological alterations evaluated in the liver of yellow perch (Perca flavescens) and the corresponding importance factor (from Bernet et al. 1999)

Reaction pattern / Functional unit / Alteration / Importance factor
Circulatory disturbances / Liver tissue / Haemorrhage/hyeraemia/aneurysm / 1
Regressive changes / Liver tissue / Intercellular oedema / 1
Architectural and structural alterations / 1
Plasma alterations / 1
Deposits / 1
Nuclear alterations / 2
Atrophy / 2
Necrosis / 3
Interstitial tissue / Architectural and structural alterations / 1
Plasma alterations / 1
Deposits / 1
Nuclear alterations / 2
Atrophy / 2
Necrosis / 3
Bile duct / Architectural and structural alterations / 1
Plasma alterations / 1
Deposits / 1
Nuclear alterations / 2
Atrophy / 2
Necrosis / 3
Progressive changes / Liver tissue / Hypertrophy / 1
Hyperplasia / 2
Interstitial tissue / Hypertrophy / 1
Hyperplasia / 2
Bile duct / Hypertrophy / 1
Hyperplasia / 2
Inflammation / Liver tissue / Exudates / 1
Activation of RES / 1
Infiltration / 2
Tumour / Benign tumour / 2
Malignant tumour / 3

Online resource Table S3: Correlations between Liver Lesion Indices (LLI) and histopathological alterations. *Significant correlations (p<0.05, Spearman’s correlation test).

Liver Lesion Indices
LSF / LSL-S / LSL-N / BI / LSP-S / LSP-N
Melanomacrophage centers / 0,34 / 0,39 / 0,21 / 0,32 / -0,31 / 0,39
Plasma alterations / -0,1 / 0,06 / -0,16 / 0,04 / 0,37 / 0,3
Hyperplasia / 0,71* / 0,62* / 0,78* / 0,1 / 0,44 / 0,95*
Activation of RES1 / 0,59* / 0,66* / -0,33 / 0,9* / 0,63* / 0,95*

1 RES: Reticulo-Endothelial System. Hypertrophy of endothelial cells and macrophages lining small blood vessel

Online resource Table S4: Correlations observed between physiological indices (i.e. Liver Lesion Index (LLI), Fulton’s K body condition index), parasite (i.e. Apophallus brevis, Diplostomum spp.), and liver concentration of selected trace metals (i.e. Cu, As, Zn, Pb, Ag and Cd). Only significant correlations (p<0.05) were reported (Spearman’s correlation ρ indicated in parentheses).

Sites / LSF / BI / LSL-S / LSL-N / LSP-S / LSP-N
Parameters
Fulton’s K body condition index / Apophallus (0.55) / Ag (-0.52)
Pb (-0.50) / Zn (0.57)
Liver Lesion Index (LLI) / Apophallus (0.63)
Diplostonum (0.83) / Diplostonum (-0.62)
Apophallus / Cd (0.55) / Zn (-0.73)
Diplostonum

Online resource Figure S1 Frequencies of Liver Lesion Indices (LLI) recorded per fish for each sampling site. LLI was calculated based on scoring of all alterations (not all reported here) using Bernet’s method (Bernet et al. 1999).

Online resource Figure S2: Ratios of dissolved and particulate metals and other ions for the 6 sampling stations along the SLR. Ratios > 0.5 indicate the dominance of dissolved forms whereas ratios < 0.5 give an indication of a more dominant particulate form (MDDELCC 2014).

Online resource Figure S3: Concentration of suspended matter (mg/L) in sampling sites along the SLR. Different letters indicate significant difference (p<0.05).