Endocrinology - Biology 317 & 319 - Lecture
Fall 2009 / MWF 10:00-11:00 / M-02-0423Dr. Kenneth Campbell / M – 3 - 322 / W 11:00 – 1:00
Syllabus
Date / Day / Topic / Suggested Reading
These lectures introduce basic information about endocrine systems and their components.
09/09 / W / Chemical Communication Systems / H 1,5 / G 1
09/11 / F / Hormones & Receptors I / H 1,5 / G 1,2
09/14 / M / Hormones & Receptors II / H 1,5 / G 1,2
09/16 / W / Transduction & Effectors I / H 1,5 / G 1,2
09/18 / F / Transduction & Effectors II / H 1,5 / G 1,2
We move to examine how hormones produce their actions in target cells, the biochemical and cell physiological events that make up the several mechanisms of hormone action. We also consider how these events interact with the basic controls on cell division and growth and how these events may become disrupted in cancer.
09/21 / M / Hormone Mechanisms I: cAMP, PIPs & Ca++ / H 1,5 / G 1,2
09/23 / W / Hormone Mechanisms II: RAS, Steroid Mechanisms, et al. / H 1,5 / G 1,2
The anatomical sources and targets of hormones are discussed and a few of the approaches for evaluating the qualtitative and quantitative properties of hormones are covered.
09/25 / F / Anatomical Organization / H 2-4,6,7,12,13 / G 1,5,6,10,13,14
09/28 / M / Measurement Methodology / H 1 / G 4
09/30 / W / EXAM 1
Peptide and protein hormones are introduced in more detail including major sites of production of releasing and inhibiting factors controlling the anterior pituitary cells, the products of those cells, and the feedback loops involved.
10/02 / F / Peptide and Protein Production / H 1 / G 1
10/05 / M / Hypothalamic Hormones / H 2-4,9,11-14 / G 1,5,6
10/07 / W / Oncogenes, Products & Cell Cycles I / G 1,2,22,23 / M 1-5
10/09 / F / Oncogenes, Products & Cell Cycles II / G 1,2,22,23 / M 1-5
10/12 / M / COLUMBUS DAY HOLIDAY / -- / --
10/14 / W / LH, FSH, TSH & hCG / H 2,3,12,13 / G 1,5,6
10/16 / F / GH, PRL, hPL & IGFs: I / H 2,11-14 / G 1,2,5-7 / C
10/19 / M / GH, PRL, hPL & IGFs: II / H 2,11-14 / G 1,2,5-7 / C
10/21 / W / POMC & ACTH / H 1,2,4,9 / G 1,5,10,11
Consideration now moves to the physiological and biochemical events involved in synthesis and control of the formation of steroids, the best known of the small lipophilic hormones that play key roles in regulation of central metabolism, growth, and immune function (adrenal fasiculata and reticularis steroids), salt and water balance and blood pressure control (adrenal glomerulosa steroids), and gonadal functions including gametogenesis and the control of pregnancy and birth.
10/23 / F / Lipoproteins and Steroid Synthesis / H 4,12-14 / G 1,10,11,13,14,20
10/26 / M / Steroid Control Systems / H 4,12-14 / G 1,10,11,13,14,20
10/28 / W / EXAM II / -- / --
Coverage now moves to investigation of the critical role of the endocrine system in maintenance and regulation of the reproductive tract in both the male and the female. Gamete production is examined with emphasis on both the similarities and the differences that exist between the mammalian sexes. Consequences of these comparisons and contrasts should be considered. The endocrinology of pregnancy is covered along with major developmental milestones such as fertilization, implantation, major organ formation, sex determination, and birth. The segment concludes with the endocrine controls allowing support of the newborn (lactation) and development to the stage allowing reproduction (puberty).
10/30 / F / Meiosis and Gametogenesis / H 12,13 / G 13,14
11/02 / M / Testicular Physiology & Spermatogenesis / H 12 / G 13
11/04 / W / Ovarian Physiology & Oogenesis / H 13 / G 14
11/06 / F / The Female Cycle / H 13 / G 14
11/09 / M / Fertilization & Nidation / H 14 / G 13-15,17
11/11 / W / VETERANS’ DAY HOLIDAY / -- / --
11/13 / F / Maternal-Feto-Placental Unit / H 14 / G 17
11/16 / M / Pregnancy & Pregnancy Loss / H 14 / G 17
11/18 / W / Sex Determination / H 12 / G 13-15
11/20 / F / Parturition / H 14 / G 17
11/23 / M / Breast Physiology & Lactation / H 14 / G 17
11/25 / W / Puberty / H 12,13 / G 7,16
11/27 / F / THANKSGIVING HOLIDAY / -- / --
11/30 / M / EXAM III / -- / --
We now turn to consideration of other key endocrine control systems. The role of the thyroid and the hormones formed in it in the processes of central metabolism and development is covered first. The cell anatomy of the thyroid, its regulation by pituitary hormones, and the cellular physiology/ biochemistry involved in thyroid hormones is covered.
12/02 / W / Thyroid Hormones & Function I / H 2,3 / G 1,8
12/04 / F / Thyroid Hormones & Function II / H 2,3 / G 1,8
Next the endocrine pancreas is discussed along with its influence on central glucose metabolism. In addition, we will examine the more diffuse regulation of appetite involving several hypothalamic factors and the adipose and stomach derived protein and peptide hormones.
12/07 / M / Insulin, Glucagon & Diabetes / H 6-8 / G 18,19,21
12/09 / W / Leptin and Appetite Control / H 6-8 / G 18-21
Salt and water balance along with blood pressure control involving hormones and hormonally controlled enzymes from the adrenal cortex and the kidney glomerulus complex, respectively, are discussed. Peptide hormones from the heart atrium are introduced as counterbalances that help maintain homeostasis in this important system.
12/11 / F / Renin, Angiotensin, Aldosterone & ANF / H 4,9 / G 10,11
We close with a discussion of the hormonal controls involved in maintaining calcium ion balance in blood and the associated impacts on calcium uptake from the gut, reuptake from the urine, and storage or retrieval from bone. Protein hormones from the parathyroid and thyroid glands are covered as well as the biochemistry of synthesis and actions of the sterol-derived, small hormone calcitriol. The cell anatomy and physiological changes in bone that occur in response to these hormones are discussed.
12/14 / M / CT, PTH & Vitamin D, Bone Metabolism / H 10 / G 9
*Text chapters or readings: H = Goodman, G = Gardner & Shoback, M = McKinnel et al., C = Cohen & Cosgrove.
Notes:
Grading:
1. Exams: 3 exams and a final; total of 500 pts. (Final = 200 pts., Highest 2 exams = 225 pts., Lowest exam = 75 pts. No exams are disregarded. No makeup exams. Exams are 70%-80% objective, 20%-30% essay. The grade for a project (described below) may be substituted for the grade for the lowest exam. All computations leading to the final grade will remain the same except for this possible substitution.
2. A project is not required but may be substituted for the lowest in-class exam score. Projects must take the following form. They will be submitted electronically as web-compatible, HTML, documents that describe a hormone that is not on the list of hormones to be studied this term and has not been described in prior years by other students. The choice should be cleared with the instructor before proceeding as no duplications among students for this year (or previous years) will be allowed. The hormone description should be detailed and should indicate: 1) the cellular source of the hormone; 2) its chemical nature; 3) its chemical structure; 4) its cellular target; 5) its physiological action; 6) its biochemical mode of action; 7) the physiological means by which it is controlled; 8) if it is not a protein, its synthetic path; 9) the timing of its action(s) with respect to developmental stage or temporal fluctuation; and, 10) its taxanomic representation and/or variation across species, including a listing of the hormone(s) most similar to it. The information should be supported by a bibliography in a uniform, formal format with full citation of authors, article titles, journal or book source including volume numbers, publisher and city of publication (for books), editors (for books), and full page citation. If hyperlinks are included, they must be active and should be cited in the bibliography as: author (or web master), date, complete URL including page, if numbers are used. If figures or diagrams are adopted from another source, they must be modified and attributed to the original source as "after xxx" or "modified from xxx," or they can be linked as hyperlinks. These projects may become parts of the Endocrinology Web site and must abide by rules for copyright. Hormones covered during the term include:
b-endorphin g-lipotropin 1a,25-Dihydroxyvitamin D3 Acetylcholine ACTH Activin
AGRP Aldosterone Androstenedione ANF (atrial natriuretic factor) Angiotensin II Bradykinin
Calcitonin CART Cortisol Corticosterone Cortisone CRH
DHEA DHEAS Deoxycorticosterone Dihydrotestosterone Dopamine EGF
Epinephrine Estradiol Estrone Estriol FSH GABA
GH Ghrelin GHRH Glucagon hCG hCS/hPL
IGF-I IGF-II IL-1 IL-2 IL-10 Inhibin
Insulin Leptin LH LHRH MIH/MIF/MIS/AMH MSH
NGF Norepinephrine NPY Oxytocin Pancreatic polypeptide PDGF
Progesterone Prolactin Prostaglandin E1 Prostaglandin E2 Prostaglandin F2a PTH
Relaxin Serotonin Somatostatin T3 T4 Testosterone
TRH TSH Vasopressin
Hormones that were subjects of previous reports and should not be repeated this year are:
b-EGF abscisic acid activin adipokinetic hormone adiponectin
adrenomedullin amphiregulin amylin arg-vasotocin atriopeptin (ANP)
BNP, brain natriuretic peptide brain-derived neurotrophic factor, BDNF bombesin brassinolide CCK, cholecystokinin
dynorphin ecdysterone endothelin enkephalins enteroglucagon
erythropoietin FGF, fibroblast growth factor FMFR-amide gastric intestinal protein, GIP gastrin II
gibberellic acid, GA gonadotropin inhibitory factor, GnIH histamine human menopausal gonadotropin, HMG IL-4, interleukin-4
IL-7, lymphopoietin-1 incretin jasmonic acid juvenile hormone, JH LIF, leukocyte inhibitory factor β-lipotropin melatonin mesotocin motilin neuroregulin-1
nitric oxide noggin obestatin octopamine orexin
osteocalcin osteoprotegerin, OPG platelet-derived growth factor, PDGF prostacyclin
protein YY, PYY(3-36) prothoracic hormone, PTTH resistin salicylic acid secretin
substance P thrombopoietin thromboxane A-2 thymosine
thymulin TNF-α
ubiquitin (ubiquitous immunopoietic polypeptide)
vascular endothelial growth factor, VEGF
Projects ideas are due November 3, finished projects are due December 3.
Texts and Readings:
The assigned texts are:
1. Basic Medical Endocrinology, 4th Edition
By: H. Maurice Goodman .
ISBN: 978-0-12-373975-9
Copyright: 2009
Product Line: Academic Press
Companion Web Site: http://books.elsevier.com/companions/9780123739759
~$65.00 (available in the UMB Bookstore).
2. Dictionary of Medical Terms: For the Nonmedical Person, 5th Edition
By: Mikel A. Rothenbery . Charles F. Chapman
ISBN-13: 978-0764134630
Copyright: 2006
Product Line: Barron's Educational Series
~$10.00 (available in the UMB Bookstore)
The recommended readings are:
The Biological Basis of Cancer, 2nd Edition
By: McKinnell, et al.
ISBN-13: 978-0521606332
Copyright: 2006
Product Line: Cambridge University Press
~$30 (available in the UMB Bookstore).
Normal at Any Cost: Tall Girls, Short Boys, and the Medical Industry’s Quest to Manipulate Height
By: Susan Cohen and Christine Cosgrove .
ISBN: 978-1-58542-683-6
Copyright: 2009
Product Line: Jeremy P. Tarcher/Penguin
~$24 (available in the UMB Bookstore).
Other recommended backup references include Textbook of Endocrine Physiology, 5th Edition by James E. Griffin & Sergio R. Ojeda, ISBN: 0-19-516566-7, Copyright: 2004, Oxford University Press, Inc.; Greenspan's Basic and Clinical Endocrinology, Gardner & Shoback, 8th Ed, ISBN: 978-0071440110, Copyright: 2007, McGraw-Hill/Appleton & Lange, was used last year; Endocrine Physiology, 3rd Edition by Porterfield & White, ISBN-13: 978-0323036665, Copyright 2007, Mosby, was used two years ago. Some of the older books are comprehensive and clinical in approach – we will not cover everything and you should concentrate on the nonclinical portions of assigned chapters. The Cancer book provides an excellent description of current understanding of the cellular and molecular biology underlying cancer as well as the concepts that best describe this process. There is no perfect text for this course, most have coverage gaps or contain too little or too much material to fit into a one semester course. The recent editions of other texts are reasonable alternates to the assigned texts if you have difficulty obtaining those listed. Do not attempt to go through the course without a text and do not try to substitute a main text older than a 2005 publication. If you choose among the texts listed you should have a suitable reference. All should be available either new or used in local technical bookstores or from Amazon.com or other major booksellers. You only need the texts listed to serve as references during the course.
Normal at Any Cost is written for a popular audience but provides a pretty provocative account of the history of growth hormone and the use of synthetic estrogens to control stature. Anyone thinking about entering medicine should read this to have an idea of an important aspect of applied endocrinology. The book is well-written with lots of historical flavor. The book is included to enrich our discussions about pituitary hormones and to provide the basis for extra credit questions on Exams II, III and the Final.
Text readings are meant as a guide. Portions of chapters will be skipped or used at other times. While there is a list of Readings for references in another area of this Website these have become dated over the years even if they originally were my sources for lecture material. Due to copyright restrictions and the costs for copyright permissions, these are no longer held on reserve in the library. Journals such as Science and Nature should be examined weekly for pertinent articles. It is also advisable to become familiar with the contents of other primary research journals such as Endocrinology, Biochemistry, Cell etc. Some volumes of Endocrine Reviews, Trends in Endocrinology & Metabolism, and Trends in Cell Biology are in the library. I will doubtless learn from what you've read!
Course Aims: