End of Course Test Review Divided by Topic
This is worth two test grades!!!
This must be hand-written!!!
USE YOUR NOTEBOOK!
The end of course test counts 25% of your year grade. This means the EOC can change your grade dramatically.
Microscope and Characteristics of Life
1. Cut and paste a picture of the microscope with the parts labeled and functions beside each part.
2. How do you calculate total magnification?
3. What is the basic building block of all living things?
4. Describe the characteristics of life (RAREHOG) and give an example of each characteristic.
5. Define homeostasis and give an example. You should have already done this in the previous question.
6. List the steps of proper microscope usage in order to view a specimen on high power.
7. How do you make a wet mount slide?
Scientific Method:
8. Describe the steps of the scientific method and give an example of each step using an experiment.
9. A students sets up four plants and exposes each to a different color of light to test which plant will grow the fastest. One of the plants is placed in sunlight. Identify the control, independent variable and dependent variable.
10. Which plants in the above question are the experimental plants?
11. Which plants are the control plants?
12. What is the trick for remembering the independent variable?
13. If an experiment does not have a control, can you consider the experiment valid? Are you able to draw a conclusion?
14. What is the difference between a hypothesis, theory and law?
15. What is the difference between quantitative data and descriptive data?
16. Define species.
Cell Structure and Function Unit
Chemistry of Life
17. Name the four major groups of biomolecules (organic molecules).
18. Give the building blocks of each of the four groups.
19. What is the difference between an inorganic molecule and an organic molecule.
20. Give examples of inorganic molecules.
21. What is the function of glucose and which organisms produce glucose?
22. Iodine turns black in the presence of ______.
23. Benedict’s turns orange when heated in the presence of a ______.
24. Biuret turns violet in the presence of a ______.
25. The brown paper bag turns translucent in the presence of a ______.
26. Provide uses in organisms for each of the following organic molecules. Also name if they are found in plants, animals or both.
- Starch
- Cellulose
- Insulin
- Glycogen
- Enzymes
- Hemoglobin
- Fats (Lipids)
- DNA
- RNA
27. Which of the above are polysaccharides and how does that determine their function?
28. Cut and paste pictures of the organic molecules from your coloring and cut out sheets. You should have a carbohydrate, protein, lipid and nucleic acid when you are finished.
Enzymes
29. Cut and paste a picture of enzyme action. Be able to label the active site, the substrate and the enzyme.
30. How does improper temperature and pH affect enzyme activity?
31. Why are enzymes called catalysts? (Explain in terms of activation energy.)
32. Why are enzymes reusable?
33. Why are enzymes specific?
34. Give one example of an enzyme that builds a molecule and one example of an enzyme that breaks down a molecule.
Cell Structure and Function
35. Describe the works of the following scientists: Schleiden, Schwann, Hooke, Leeuwenhoek
36. Give the three parts of the cell theory.
37. Cut and paste pictures of a plant and animal cell.
38. Which organelle serves as the skeleton in a plant cell?
39. Which organelle…
- Packages the proteins before they leave the cell?
- Is the shipping factory in the cell?
- Converts glucose to a usable form of energy known as ATP?
- Is the brain of the cell because it contains DNA or chromosomes?
- Makes ribosomes?
- Assembles amino acids together to make proteins?
- Is responsible for digesting old worn out cell parts, etc.?
40. What are two other differences between plant and animal cells besides cell walls?
41. What is the difference between a multicellular and unicellular organism?
42. What is the difference between a prokaryotic and eukaryotic cell?
- Which has larger ribosomes?
- Which has circular DNA?
- Which has linear DNA?
- Which has membrane bound organelles?
- Which has DNA bound in a nucleus?
- Give examples of organisms with eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells.
43. Cut and paste pictures of a prokaryotic cell and a eukaryotic cell.
44. List the levels of organization within a human beginning with the cell and ending with an organism. Give an example of each level of organization. (This is on a coloring sheet.)
45. Using your cartoons, answer the following questions and attach your cartoon to the study guide.
- Give an example of how a chemical signal is released by one cell to influence the activity of another cell (ex. nerve cell to nerve cell, or muscle cell to muscle cell).
- Explain the role of receptor proteins in cell communication.
- Explain the role of hormones in cell communication. ( You can use insulin as your hormone.)
46. Explain how your body regulates its temperature.
47. Attach the coloring sheet from number 44 and your cartoons from number 45.
Cell Membrane
48. Cut and paste a picture of the cell membrane.
49. What are the structures in the cell membrane and give the functions of each structure.
50. Why is the membrane selectively permeable?
51. Define diffusion and give examples of substances that move by diffusion.
52. Define osmosis and describe how it works.
53. Cut and paste a picture of a hypertonic, hypotonic and isotonic solution.
54. Cut and paste a picture of a U tube.
55. What is the difference between active and passive transport and give an example of how each is used in an organism.
Photosynthesis and Respiration
56. Explain the role of ATP and ADP and describe the structure of each.
57. Give the equations for photosynthesis and respiration.
58. Include the notes on photosynthesis and respiration (they are on a leaf and in a mitochondrion).
59. The notes from number 43 will help you answer the following:
- What goes into and comes out of the light reaction of photosynthesis?
- What goes into and comes out of the dark reaction of photosynthesis?
- What is the main product of photosynthesis?
- Describe the steps and the purpose of cellular respiration.
- Which process is used to make alcohol and make bread rise?
- How many ATPs are created through aerobic respiration?
- Where do photosynthesis and respiration take place in a cell?
60. Describe chemosynthesis and give an example.
61. Where is ATP produced in a cell?
62. Describe the relationship between photosynthesis and respiration.
63. How does lactic acid fermentation work in humans and why does it cause cramps?
64. What are the two types of anaerobic respiration and why is it called anaerobic?
Mitosis and Meiosis
65. List the phases of the cell cycle and cut and paste pictures of cells at each stage of the cell cycle. Which stage is not a phase of mitosis?
66. When do chromosomes (DNA) replicate?
67. Why is it important for chromosomes to replicate for mitosis? Think about this…if a cell has 46 chromosomes, how many chromosomes will the two new daughter cells have?
68. What is fertilization?
69. How is meiosis different from mitosis, as far as:
- The number of cells produced?
- The number of chromosomes in the new cells?
- Which cells are involved?
70. Why is crossing over important for variation among offspring and when does it occur?
71. Asexual reproduction produces cells that are just like the parent. True or False?
72. How many chromosomes do human body cells contain?
73. How many chromosomes do human sperm and egg have?
74. Which cells have the haploid number of chromosomes in humans and which cells have the diploid number?
75. How does crossing over increase genetic variability in organisms?
76. Cut and paste pictures of cells in each stage of meiosis. Label the process of crossing over. Label haploid cells. Label diploid cells.
DNA and RNA
77. Describe the basic structure of DNA and RNA.
78. If a DNA strand is ATGCCGCAGGGG, what would the complimentary strand of DNA be?
79. What would be the mRNA strand created during transcription?
80. Using the codons on the mRNA strand, look up the amino acids that this DNA strand would code for.
81. Where in the cell are amino acids assembled to make proteins?
82. Put the following terms in the correct order for protein synthesis … RNA DNA Trait Protein
83. Mutations are very important for differences, or variations, in a population. What is the difference between a point mutation and a frameshift mutation?
84. Cut and paste the pictures from your worksheet on the four types of chromosomal mutations.
Gene Regulation (Use your gene regulation notes and your stem cell computer lab to answer the following.)
85. Explain cell differentiation in multicellular organisms.
86. How is the production of protein important for injury repair?
87. How does the overproduction of cells cause cancer?
88. Describe the ethical problems surrounding stem cell research.
89. Describe the ethical problems related to genetic engineering?
Genetic Engineering
90. Which of the following organisms is most widely used in genetic engineering? Bacteria Plants Animals
91. Name two biological vectors for carrying foreign DNA into a cell.
92. Draw the process of genetic engineering using the coloring sheet in your notes. Include restriction enzymes, cleaving, plasmid, vector, recombinant DNA, host or transgenic organism.
93. What is gene therapy and name some diseases that have been successfully treated using gene therapy.
94. What are some reasons for establishing the human genome project (mapping the locations of all of the human genes)?
95. How is the human genome project related to gene therapy?
96. How does gel electrophoresis work and what kind of information can you determine from gel electrophoresis?
97. What did we do in class with gel electrophoresis?
98. For each of the following areas, explain how transgenic organisms are being used:
- Agriculture
- Industry
- Pharmaceuticals (creating drugs)
Basic Genetics
99. Describe the works of Gregor Mendel. How did he make sure his pea plants were purebred before crossing them?
100. What is the difference between a dominant and recessive allele? Circle the dominant trait, round/wrinkled.
101. If two hybrids are crossed for one trait, what will be the phenotypic and genotypic ratio of their offspring? (Example, brown is dominant to white fur color in guinea pigs.)
102. If two brown mice are mated and 30 of the offspring are brown and 9 are white, what is the phenotypic ratio of the offspring, and what are the genotypes of the parents.
103. If two mice are crossed that are heterozygous for two traits (ex. Brown fur, long fur), what will always be the expected phenotypic ration? This is a dihybrid cross.
104. If a brown mouse is test crossed and half of the offspring come out white and half come out brown, what was the genotype of the unknown parent?
105. In incomplete dominance, RR is red, R’R is pink, and R’R’ is white… If two pinks are crossed, what will be the expected genotypic and phenotypic ratio of the offspring?
106. How do you set up a test cross?
Human Genetics
107. If a person is type A blood and he is crossed with a person with type B blood, show all the possible blood types of the offspring. Remember to use IA, IB, and i for the alleles.
108. Which of the 23 pairs of chromosomes are autosomes, which are sex chromosomes?
109. Give the sex chromosomes for a male and a female.
110. Hemophilia is an X linked disorder, this is also known as a sex-linked recessive trait. Cross a male hemophiliac with a carrier female and give the genotypes and phenotypes of the offspring.
111. If a mutation occurs in a sperm cell, will the mutation be passed on to the offspring? If a mutation occurs in a body cell, will the mutation be passed on to the offspring?
112. How many chromosomes do egg/sperm contain as compared to the number of chromosomes in somatic cells?
113. Are most disorders caused by a dominant allele or a recessive allele?
114. Know how to read a pedigree.
115. What would be different about a karyotype of a male and a female? A person with Down syndrome?
116. Down syndrome and other genetic disorders are caused by nondisjuntion. What does this mean and when does it happen?
117. Cut and paste pictures of karyotypes and label the disorders.
118. Draw the process of non-disjunction.
119. Provide the characteristics of sickle cell anemia, cystic fibrosis and Huntington’s disease.
120. Why are males more likely to display a sex-linked trait?
121. Polygenic traits are traits controlled by many genes. Give three examples of polygenic traits, and draw a graph to show the average distribution of phenotypes of these traits.
Origin of Life
122. Describe the works of Redi and Pasteur.
123. Were they proving spontaneous generation or biogenesis?
124. What was the purpose of Miller and Urey’s experiment and whose hypothesis were they testing?
125. Give an example of biogenesis and spontaneous generation.
126. Attach your experiment drawings here.
Evolution
127. Darwin proposed the idea of ______, which meant that organisms with the most favorable adaptations were likely to ______.
128. How did Charles Kettlewell’s observations of the peppered moth agree with this theory?
129. Describe how the following evidences support evolution…
- Vestigial structures ex. pelvic bones of whales
- Amino acid sequences ( the number organisms have in common )
- Embryos of vertebrates
130. Draw the graphs of the three types of natural selection and give an example under each graph.
131. What is the difference between convergent and divergent evolution and give examples.
132. Place the following organisms in order according to when they appeared in the fossil record…