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Electronic Supplementary Materials (ESM)

Additional tables for confirmatory and exploratory MLM analyses

Table 3.Confirmatory Models for Controlled Exposure Time Conditions.

Null Model / AIC = 25869.30
Covariance Parameter Estimates
Cov. Parameter / Subject / Estimate / Standard Error / Z Value / Pr > Z
Intercept / Target / 0.3152 / 0.0571 / 5.52 / <.0001
Intercept / Rater / 0.1916 / 0.02074 / 9.24 / <.0001
Residual / 0.4927 / 0.006506 / 75.73 / <.0001
Solution for Fixed Effects
Effect / / Standard Error / DF / t / p
Intercept / –0.01539 / 0.07795 / 62 / –0.20 / 0.8441
Model Fit / AIC = 25860.40
Covariance Parameter Estimates
Cov. Parameter / Subject / Estimate / Standard Error / Z Value / Pr > Z
Intercept / Target / 0.2615 / 0.0478 / 5.47 / <.0001
Intercept / Rater / 0.1916 / 0.0207 / 9.24 / <.0001
Residual / 0.4927 / 0.0065 / 75.73 / <.0001
Solution for Fixed Effects
Effect / / Standard Error / DF / t / p
Intercept / –0.02144 / 0.07229 / 92.6 / –0.30 / 0.7675
T Strength / 0.24190 / 0.06555 / 61 / 3.69 / 0.0005
Model Fit / AIC = 25864.00
Covariance Parameter Estimates
Cov. Parameter / Subject / Estimate / Standard Error / Z Value / Pr > Z
Intercept / Target / 0.2615 / 0.0478 / 5.47 / <.0001
Intercept / Rater / 0.1926 / 0.0209 / 9.22 / <.0001
Residual / 0.4927 / 0.0065 / 75.73 / <.0001
Solution for Fixed Effects
Effect / / Standard Error / DF / t / p
Intercept / –0.012460 / 0.07914 / 125 / –0.16 / 0.8752
T Strength / 0.241900 / 0.06555 / 61 / 3.69 / 0.0005
R Sex / –0.018360 / 0.06567 / 184 / –0.28 / 0.7801

Table 3 continued.

Model Fit / AIC = 25875.20
Covariance Parameter Estimates
Cov. Parameter / Subject / Estimate / Standard Error / Z Value / Pr > Z
Intercept / Target / 0.2615 / 0.0478 / 5.47 / <.0001
Intercept / Rater / 0.1891 / 0.0206 / 9.19 / <.0001
Residual / 0.4927 / 0.0065 / 75.73 / <.0001
Solution for Fixed Effects
Effect / / Standard Error / DF / t / p
Intercept / 0.063890 / 0.0871600 / 163 / 0.73 / 0.4646
T Strength / 0.241900 / 0.0655500 / 61 / 3.69 / 0.0005
R Sex / –0.003510 / 0.0655000 / 183 / –0.05 / 0.9573
Time / –0.000360 / 0.0001770 / 183 / –2.06 / 0.0406
Model Fit / AIC = 25882.40
Covariance Parameter Estimates
Cov. Parameter / Subject / Estimate / Standard Error / Z Value / Pr > Z
Intercept / Target / 0.26000 / 0.0488 / 5.33 / <.0001
Intercept / Rater / 0.18910 / 0.0206 / 9.19 / <.0001
Residual / 0.49270 / 0.0065 / 75.73 / <.0001
Solution for Fixed Effects
Effect / / Standard Error / DF / t / p
Intercept / 0.06632 / 0.0871 / 157 / 0.76 / 0.4473
Strength / 0.25310 / 0.0719 / 58 / 3.52 / 0.0008
Sex / –0.00351 / 0.0655 / 183 / –0.05 / 0.9573
Time / –0.00036 / 0.0002 / 183 / –2.06 / 0.0406
T Height / 0.00135 / 0.0680 / 58 / 0.02 / 0.9842
T Weight / –0.09656 / 0.0743 / 58 / –1.30 / 0.1988
T Age / 0.10320 / 0.0699 / 58 / 1.48 / 0.1451
Note. ‘T’ denotes target characteristic; ‘R’ denotes target characteristic. Sex is dummy–coded (1 = Female, 0 = Male). Time is in units of milliseconds.All other variables are z–scored. Strength rating is the dependent variable.

Table 4. Exploratory Model for Controlled Exposure–Time Conditions.

Model Fit / AIC = 25522.60
Covariance Parameter Estimates
Cov. Parameter / Subject / Estimate / Standard Error / Z Value / Pr > Z
Intercept / Target / 0.1654 / 0.0318 / 5.21 / <.0001
Intercept / Rater / 0.1912 / 0.0211 / 9.06 / <.0001
Residual / 0.4948 / 0.0066 / 75.12 / <.0001
Solution for Fixed Effects
Effect / / Standard Error / DF / t / p
Intercept / 0.10760 / 0.0844 / 208 / 1.27 / 0.204
T Strength / 0.15360 / 0.0617 / 56 / 2.49 / 0.016
R Sex / –0.06600 / 0.0884 / 178 / –0.75 / 0.456
Time / –0.00034 / 0.0002 / 178 / –1.89 / 0.060
T Height / –0.00862 / 0.0546 / 56 / –0.16 / 0.875
T Weight / 0.17300 / 0.0754 / 56 / 2.29 / 0.026
T Age / 0.09155 / 0.0562 / 56 / 1.63 / 0.109
R SPF / –0.00559 / 0.0384 / 178 / –0.15 / 0.884
R GS / –0.01721 / 0.0552 / 178 / –0.31 / 0.756
R Height / –0.05794 / 0.0389 / 178 / –1.49 / 0.138
R Weight / 0.01708 / 0.0446 / 178 / 0.38 / 0.702
R Age / –0.00974 / 0.0344 / 178 / –0.28 / 0.777
T Attractiveness / 0.38800 / 0.0662 / 56 / 5.86 / <.0001

Note. ‘T’ denotes target characteristic; ‘R’ denotes target characteristic. Sex is dummy–coded (1 = Female, 0 = Male). All variables are z–scored, except Time which is in units of milliseconds.Strength rating is the dependent variable. SPF = Self–Perceived Formidability; GS = Grip Strength.

Table 5. Confirmatory Models for Free Rating Condition.

Null Model / AIC = 22328.60
Covariance Parameter Estimates
Cov. Parameter / Subject / Estimate / Standard Error / Z Value / Pr > Z
Intercept / Target / 0.3898 / 0.0693 / 5.63 / <.0001
Intercept / Rater / 0.2532 / 0.0272 / 9.31 / <.0001
Residual / 0.3537 / 0.0046 / 76.11 / <.0001
Solution for Fixed Effects
Effect / / Standard Error / DF / t / p
Intercept / –0.0178 / 0.08613 / 64 / –0.21 / 0.8370
Model Fit / AIC = 22318.30
Covariance Parameter Estimates
Cov. Parameter / Subject / Estimate / Standard Error / Z Value / Pr > Z
Intercept / Target / 0.3190 / 0.0572 / 5.58 / <.0001
Intercept / Rater / 0.2532 / 0.0272 / 9.31 / <.0001
Residual / 0.3537 / 0.0046 / 76.11 / <.0001
Solution for Fixed Effects
Effect / / Standard Error / DF / t / p
Intercept / –0.0244 / 0.07957 / 101 / –0.31 / 0.7593
T Strength / 0.2764 / 0.07109 / 63 / 3.89 / 0.0002
Model Fit / AIC = 22317.10
Covariance Parameter Estimates
Cov. Parameter / Subject / Estimate / Standard Error / Z Value / Pr > Z
Intercept / Target / 0.3190 / 0.0572 / 5.58 / <.0001
Intercept / Rater / 0.2483 / 0.0267 / 9.28 / <.0001
Residual / 0.3537 / 0.0046 / 76.11 / <.0001
Solution for Fixed Effects
Effect / / Standard Error / DF / t / p
Intercept / –0.1015 / 0.08723 / 135 / –1.16 / 0.2467
Strength / 0.2764 / 0.07109 / 63 / 3.89 / 0.0002
R Sex / 0.1593 / 0.07471 / 180 / 2.13 / 0.0343

Table 5 continued

Model Fit / AIC = 22322.40
Covariance Parameter Estimates
Cov. Parameter / Subject / Estimate / Standard Error / Z Value / Pr > Z
Intercept / Target / 0.3100 / 0.0570 / 5.44 / <.0001
Intercept / Rater / 0.2483 / 0.0267 / 9.28 / <.0001
Residual / 0.3537 / 0.0046 / 76.11 / <.0001
Solution for Fixed Effects
Effect / / Standard Error / DF / t / p
Intercept / –0.0984 / 0.08645 / 131 / –1.14 / 0.2570
T Strength / 0.2711 / 0.07686 / 60 / 3.53 / 0.0008
R Sex / 0.1593 / 0.07471 / 180 / 2.13 / 0.0343
T Height / –0.0513 / 0.07266 / 60 / –0.71 / 0.4826
T Weight / –0.0436 / 0.07979 / 60 / –0.55 / 0.5864
T Age / 0.1412 / 0.07388 / 60 / 1.91 / 0.0607
Note. ‘T’ denotes target characteristic;‘R’ denotes target characteristic. Sex is dummy–coded (1 = Female, 0 = Male). All other variables are z–scored. Strength rating is the dependent variable.

Table 6. Exploratory Model for Free Rating Condition.

Model Fit / AIC = 21978.30
Covariance Parameter Estimates
Cov. Parameter / Subject / Estimate / Standard Error / Z Value / Pr > Z
Intercept / Target / 0.2022 / 0.0379 / 5.33 / <.0001
Intercept / Rater / 0.2405 / 0.0263 / 9.14 / <.0001
Residual / 0.3538 / 0.0047 / 75.51 / <.0001
Solution for Fixed Effects
Effect / / Standard Error / DF / t / p
Intercept / –0.0520 / 0.0826 / 184 / –0.63 / 0.5297
T Strength / 0.1752 / 0.0665 / 58 / 2.64 / 0.0107
R Sex / 0.0959 / 0.0991 / 175 / 0.97 / 0.3344
T Height / –0.0643 / 0.0590 / 58 / –1.09 / 0.2802
T Weight / 0.2382 / 0.0814 / 58 / 2.93 / 0.0049
T Age / 0.1233 / 0.0602 / 58 / 2.05 / 0.0451
R SPF / –0.0991 / 0.0437 / 175 / –2.27 / 0.0246
R GS / –0.0060 / 0.0613 / 175 / –0.10 / 0.9228
R Height / –0.0621 / 0.0437 / 175 / –1.42 / 0.1573
R Weight / 0.0255 / 0.0518 / 175 / 0.49 / 0.6229
R Age / 0.0617 / 0.0386 / 175 / 1.60 / 0.1111
T Attractiveness / 0.4118 / 0.0711 / 58 / 5.79 / <.0001

Note. ‘T’ denotes target characteristic; ‘R’ denotes rater characteristic. Sex is dummy–coded (1 = Female, 0 = Male). All other variables are z–scored. Strength rating is the dependent variable. SPF = Self–Perceived Formidability; GS = Grip Strength.

Table 7. Exploratory Model for Gaze–Time.

Null Model / AIC = 123451.4
Covariance Parameter Estimates
Cov. Parameter / Subject / Estimate / Standard Error / Z Value / Pr > Z
Intercept / Target / 0.0609 / 0.0111 / 5.50 / <.0001
Intercept / Rater / 0.0939 / 0.0103 / 9.09 / <.0001
Residual / 0.8538 / 0.0057 / 150.84 / <.0001
Model Fit / AIC = 106280.5
Solution for Fixed Effects
Effect / / Standard Error / DF / t / p
Intercept / 0.82180 / 0.0405 / 122 / 20.28 / <.0001
R Sex / –0.01736 / 0.0312 / 171 / –0.56 / 0.5782
R SPF / –0.06079 / 0.0274 / 171 / –2.22 / 0.0280
R GS / 0.04990 / 0.0387 / 171 / 1.29 / 0.1986
R Height / –0.04336 / 0.0279 / 171 / –1.55 / 0.1219
R Weight / 0.03628 / 0.0328 / 171 / 1.11 / 0.2702
R Age / –0.01989 / 0.0243 / 171 / –0.82 / 0.4137
T Height / –0.02304 / 0.0341 / 57 / –0.67 / 0.5026
T Weight / 0.01820 / 0.0474 / 57 / 0.38 / 0.7026
T Age / –0.01622 / 0.0348 / 57 / –0.47 / 0.6430
T Strength / –0.00330 / 0.0387 / 57 / –0.09 / 0.9323
T Attractiveness / 0.00821 / 0.0415 / 57 / 0.20 / 0.8441
T Face / –0.90970 / 0.0104 / 45,000 / –87.47 / <.0001
T Abdomen / –1.00520 / 0.0105 / 45,000 / –96.17 / <.0001
T Legs / –1.35100 / 0.0103 / 45,000 / –130.70 / <.0001

Note. ‘T’ denotes target characteristic; ‘R’ denotes rater characteristic. Sex is dummy–coded (1 = Female, 0 = Male). Body area is dummy–coded, where all variables in the model are being compared to the chest. All other variables are z–scored. Gaze time (in seconds) is the dependent variable. SPF = Self–Perceived Formidability; GS = Grip Strength.