Draft report of the Global Standards Collaboration (GSC) Task Forceon Emergency Communications
Contents
Foreword......
Introduction......
1Scope......
2References......
3Definitions and abbreviations......
3.1Definitions
3.2Abbreviations
4Regulatory aspects......
4.1America region
4.1.1North America......
4.1.1.1United States of America......
4.1.1.1.1Communication from authorities to individuals......
4.1.1.1.2Communications from individuals to authorities......
4.1.1.1.2.19-1-1......
4.1.1.1.2.2Network outage reporting......
4.1.1.1.3Communications from authorities to authorities......
4.1.1.1.3.1Public safety networks......
4.1.1.1.3.2DHS Office of Emergency Communications (OEC)......
4.1.1.2Canada......
4.1.1.2.1Communication from authorities to individuals......
4.1.1.2.2Communications from individuals to authorities......
4.1.1.2.3Communications from authorities to authorities......
4.1.1.2.3.1Public safety networks......
4.1.2Central America
4.1.2.1Mexico......
4.1.2.1.1Communication from authorities to individuals......
4.1.2.1.2Communications from individuals to authorities......
4.1.2.1.3Communications from authorities to authorities......
4.1.2.1.3.1Public safety networks......
4.2Arabic States region
4.2.1United Arab Emirates
4.2.1.1Communication from authorities to individuals
4.2.1.2Communications from individuals to authorities
4.2.1.2.1Wireless, wired and internet (smart phone applications)
4.2.1.2.2Network outage reporting......
4.2.1.3Communications from authorities to authorities......
4.2.1.3.1Public safety networks......
4.2.1.3.2Priority users and priority services:......
4.2.1.3.2.1Priority Telecom Services (PTS):......
4.2.1.3.2.2Priority User Groups (PUG):......
4.3Asia and Pacific region
4.3.1China
4.3.2India......
4.3.3Japan......
4.3.4Korea......
4.4Europe region......
5Current standards on alerting the individuals......
5.1Generic standards
5.1.1Global standards
5.1.1.1ITU-T
5.1.1.1.1ITU-T activities on Standardization for Emergency Telecommunications......
5.1.1.1.2Partnership Coordination Panel on TDR......
5.1.1.1.3Joint ITU-T and OASIS event on ICT Standards for Public Warning......
5.1.1.1.4Joint ITU-T, WMO and OASIS events on ICT Standards for Public Alerts......
5.1.1.1.5Considerations around the inclusion of persons with disabilities......
5.1.2American standards
5.1.2.1North American standards
5.1.2.1.1United States of America......
5.1.2.1.2Canada......
5.1.2.2Central American standards......
5.1.2.2.1Mexico......
5.1.3Arabic States standards
5.1.3.1United Arab Emirates
5.1.4Asian and Pacific standards
5.1.4.1China
5.1.4.2India
5.1.4.3Japan
5.1.4.4Korea
5.1.5European standards
5.2Specific standards
5.2.1Public Warning System
5.2.1.1Global standards
5.2.1.2American standards
5.2.1.2.1North American standards......
5.2.1.2.1.1United States of America......
5.2.1.2.1.2Canada......
5.2.1.2.2Central American standards......
5.2.1.2.2.1Mexico......
5.2.1.2.3South American standards......
5.2.1.2.3.1Chile......
5.2.1.3Arabic States standards
5.2.1.3.1United Arab Emirates
5.2.1.4Asian and Pacific standards......
5.2.1.4.1China
5.2.1.4.2India
5.2.1.4.3Israel......
5.2.1.4.4Japan
5.2.1.4.5Korea
5.2.1.4.6Taiwan, China
5.2.1.5European standards
5.2.2Common Alerting Protocol (CAP)......
5.2.2.1Global standards......
6Current standards on alerting the authorities......
6.1Generic standards
6.1.1Global standards
6.1.1.13GPP......
6.1.1.2ITU-T......
6.1.2American standards
6.1.2.1North American standards
6.1.2.1.1United States of America......
6.1.2.1.2Canada......
6.1.2.2Central American standards......
6.1.2.2.1Mexico......
6.1.3Arabic States standards
6.1.3.1United Arab Emirates
6.1.4Asian and Pacific standards
6.1.4.1China
6.1.4.2India
6.1.4.3Japan
6.1.4.4Korea
6.1.5European standards
6.2Specific standards
6.2.1Road safety
6.2.1.1Global standards
6.2.1.2American standards......
6.2.1.2.1North American standards......
6.2.1.2.1.1United States of America......
6.2.1.2.1.1.1Dedicated Short Range Communications (DSRC)......
6.2.1.2.1.2Canada......
6.2.1.2.2Central American standards
6.2.1.2.2.1Mexico......
6.2.1.3Arabic states standards
6.2.1.3.1United Arab Emirates
6.2.1.4Asian and Pacific standards
6.2.1.4.1China
6.2.1.4.2India
6.2.1.4.3Japan
6.2.1.4.4Korea
6.2.1.5European standards
6.2.1.5.1eCall
6.2.1.5.2Cooperative ITS
6.2.2Maritime communication
6.2.2.1Global standards
6.2.2.2American standards
6.2.2.2.1North American standards......
6.2.2.2.1.1United States of America......
6.2.2.2.1.2Canada......
6.2.2.2.2Central American standards......
6.2.2.2.2.1Mexico......
6.2.2.3Arabic States standards
6.2.2.3.1United Arab Emirates
6.2.2.4Asian and Pacific standards
6.2.2.4.1China
6.2.2.4.2India
6.2.2.4.3Japan
6.2.2.4.4Korea
6.2.2.5European standards......
6.2.3Railway emergency communication
6.2.3.1Global standards
6.2.3.2American standards
6.2.3.2.1North American standards......
6.2.3.2.1.1United States of America......
6.2.3.2.1.2Canada......
6.2.3.2.2Central American standards......
6.2.3.2.2.1Mexico......
6.2.3.3Arabic States standards
6.2.3.3.1United Arab Emirates
6.2.3.4Asian and Pacific standards
6.2.3.4.1China
6.2.3.4.2India
6.2.3.4.3Japan
6.2.3.4.4Korea
6.2.3.5European standards
6.2.4Enhanced caller location information
6.2.4.1Global standards
6.2.4.2American standards
6.2.4.2.1North American standards......
6.2.4.2.1.1United States of America......
6.2.4.2.1.2Canada......
6.2.4.2.2Central American standards......
6.2.4.2.2.1Mexico
6.2.4.3Arabic States standards
6.2.4.3.1United Arab Emirates
6.2.4.4Asian and Pacific standards
6.2.4.4.1China
6.2.4.4.2India
6.2.4.4.3Japan
6.2.4.4.4Korea
6.2.4.5European standards
6.2.5Non-voice emergency communication
6.2.5.1Global standards
6.2.5.2American standards
6.2.5.2.1North American standards......
6.2.5.2.1.1United States of America......
6.2.5.2.1.2Canada......
6.2.5.2.2Central American standards
6.2.5.2.2.1Mexico......
6.2.5.3Arabic States standards
6.2.5.3.1United Arab Emirates
6.2.5.4Asian and Pacific standards
6.2.5.4.1China
6.2.5.4.2India
6.2.5.4.3Japan
6.2.5.4.4Korea
6.2.5.5European standards
6.2.6Network resilience and recovery
6.2.6.1Global standards
6.2.6.2American standards
6.2.6.2.1North American standards
6.2.6.2.1.1United States of America......
6.2.6.2.1.2Canada......
6.2.6.2.2North American standards
6.2.6.2.2.1Mexico
6.2.6.3Arabic States standards
6.2.6.3.1United Arab Emirates
6.2.6.4Asian and Pacific standards
6.2.6.4.1China
6.2.6.4.2India
6.2.6.4.3Japan
6.2.6.4.4Korea
6.2.6.5European standards
6.2.7Common Alerting Protocol (CAP)......
6.2.7.1Global standards......
7Current standards on communication between and among the authorities......
7.1Generic standards
7.1.1Global standards
7.1.1.1ITU-T......
7.1.1.1.1Technical documents for emergency telecommunications......
7.1.2American standards
7.1.2.1North American standards......
7.1.2.1.1United States of America......
7.1.2.1.2Canada......
7.1.2.2Central American standards
7.1.2.2.1Mexico......
7.1.3Arabic States standards
7.1.3.1United Arab Emirates
7.1.4Asian and Pacific standards
7.1.4.1China
7.1.4.2India
7.1.4.3Japan
7.1.4.4Korea
7.1.5European standards
7.2Specific standards
7.2.1Global standards
7.2.1.1Digital Mobile Radio (DMR)
7.2.1.2MESA
7.2.1.3Project 25
7.2.1.4TETRA
7.2.2American standards
7.2.2.1North American standards......
7.2.2.1.1United States of America......
7.2.2.1.2Canada......
7.2.2.2Central American standards......
7.2.2.2.1Mexico......
7.2.3Arabic States standards
7.2.3.1United Arab Emirates......
7.2.4Asian and Pacific standards
7.2.4.1China
7.2.4.2India
7.2.4.3Japan
7.2.4.4Korea
7.2.5European standards
8Current standards on communication between individuals......
8.1Generic standards
8.1.1Global standards
8.2Specific standards
8.2.1Global standards
9Currently ongoing standardization and regulation......
9.1LTE and broadband PPDR for public safety
9.2Next generation eCall
9.3Public Warning System
9.4Emergency calls
9.5Regulation
9.6Standardization activities in ITU-T......
9.6.1ITU-T activities on Standardization for Emergency Telecommunications......
9.6.2Technical documents for emergency telecommunications......
9.6.3Geo-localization and emergency services......
9.6.4Questionnaire on ETS implementation......
9.6.5ITU-T Action Plan......
10Future standards......
10.1Reconfigurable Radio System (RRS)
10.2Disaster Relief Systems, Network Resilience and Recovery
10.3Public Warning System
10.4Road safety
10.4.1ITU-T Focus Group on Driver Distraction (FG Distraction)......
10.4.2Speech Quality Requirements for Emergency Calls......
10.5Railway
10.6Enhanced caller location information
10.7Non-voice emergency call
10.8ITU/WMO/UNESCO IOC Joint Task Force to investigate the use of submarine telecommunications cables for ocean and climate monitoring and disaster warning
10.9Further topics
11Conclusions......
12Suggestions to the GSC for harmonisation on a global scale......
Annex A (informative): Non standardized implementations......
A.1Mobile Handset functionality......
History......
Foreword
The presentTechnical Report (TR) has been produced by the Global Standards Collaboration (GSC) Task Force on Emergency Communications. This Task Force was established at the 16thGSC meeting held in Halifax (Canada) on 31 October - 3 November 2011.
The motivation for establishing this Task Force was to discover and document a coordinated approach on how to provide emergency communications before, during and after a significant disaster, such as the tsunamis that occurred in the Indian Ocean in 2004 and in Japan in 2011; and since then the earthquake in Chile in April 2014.
The first report was delivered at GSC#17 which was held in South Korea on 13-16 May 2013. GSC#17 agreed to continue this Task Force and complete the report in order to cover further countries, areas and regions.
The intention is then to present an updated report at GSC#18 that will be held on 22-23 July 2014 in the South East of France.
Introduction
The need for emergency communications includes many scenarios ranging from a small accident (such as a minor road traffic accident) to a major incident like a terrorist attack or a natural disaster (such as an earthquake, tsunami, etc.). It involves professionals, such as public safety users (including police, ambulance, fire brigade), and also the general public.
Emergency communications have to cover communications from the public to the authorities (e.g. emergency calls), from the authorities to the public (e.g. warning systems), between authorities (e.g.,public safety communications), and between the public as well. Also authorities and public safety organizations should be able to communicate across services, and ideally also between international boundaries.
Emergency communications have to be effective, fast, reliable, secure and interoperable where possible, in order to provide communications that enablessaving as many lives as possible.
Emergency communications initially addressed only voice, but now typicallyincludesnon-voice services such as text, pictures, video, and data. So the broadband parameterbecomes highly requested. Also special considerations may have to be given to the elderly, individuals with disabilities, young people and people less literate in the language of instruction used for emergency communications. Standards in this area are still needed,especially as the specific requirements on emergency communications continue to evolve.
The challenge is to develop interoperable standards that enable the dissemination of consistent and timely messages to the public through multi-media and multi-channel technologies.
1Scope
The aim of the present document is to identify commonalities, gaps and possible overlaps of emergency communication-related standards in all regions.
The present document starts with a collection of regulatory aspects, and thenprovides a catalogue of existing known emergency communication standardsfromeach of the regions that have contributed to the present document. The present report concludes by looking to the future and examining what may exist tomorrow as well as makingproposalsto the GSC in order to ensure enhanced harmonization and cooperation.
The scope of this report is mainly based on thefour scenarios identified for the "in case of emergency" feature: alerting the individuals (communication from authorities to the public), alerting authorities (communication from the public to authorities), communication between and among authorities and communication between individuals.
In the first phase input has been provided by allGSC SDOs regarding the related standards they produce and alsoincluded standards from other SDOs, and output from known fora. The work of certain research projects that could result in standardisation activity has also been taken into account.
The GSC SDOs include: ARIB (Japan), ATIS (United States of America), CCSA (China), ETSI (Europe), ISACC (Canada), ITU (Global SDO), TIA (United States of America), TTA (Korea) and TTC (Japan).
Then in the second phase additional input has been provided by new contributors to GSC SDOs, from regions or countries that were not covered initially by the report, such as Mexico for Central America, and United Arab Emirates for Arabic States. These new contributors have been provided by GSC SDOs.
Other regions or countries were planned to be covered as well, like Africa, South America, Australia, Indonesia, New Zealand, Philippines and Russia, but despite appropriate contacts it has not been possible to achieve that within the timeframe available.
The present document is structured as follows:
- Clause 2 provides the references that are mentioned in the further clauses of the present document
- Clause 3 provides the main definitions and abbreviations of the present document
- Clauses 4 to 8 have been structured into sub-clauses for each region where the GSC SDOs got input: America region, Arabic States region, Asia and Pacific region and Europe region. Then for each region, apart for Europe, the clauses have beenfurther divided into sub-clauses per country.
In addition clauses 5 to 8 start with a sub-clause on Global standards, before having sub-clauses per regions. - Clause 4 is on regulatory aspects
- Clauses 5 to 8 cover the four scenarios identified for the "in case of emergency" feature: alerting the individuals, alerting the authorities, communication between and among authorities and communication between individuals.
Each clause, from 5 to 8, has two sub clauses: one on generic standards and the other one on specific standards.
Generic standards mean they are not on a dedicated technology but cover more than that; specific standards mean they address a dedicated technology or feature (such as Public Warning System (PWS), Project 25, TETRA, eCall, GMDSS, GSM-R, enhanced caller location information, network resilience and recovery).
- Clause 9 is on Currently ongoing standardization and regulation, which means that these standards have not been already published but work on standardisation has started.
- Clause 10 is on Future standards, which means that SDOs have started to look at it for instance by producing reports or conducting studies.
- Clause 11 is about the Conclusions the GSC Task Force on Emergency Communications is making from the present document
- In Clause 12 the Task Force is making suggestions to the GSC for a possible better harmonisation on a global scale
- Annex A is on non standardized implementations such as applications
It is important to note that the present document is a compilation of input provided by different organisations and different people from different countries or regions. So the reader may feel that there is a lack of harmonisation of some clauses but this has been done intentionally. The aim of the Convenor of the Task Force was toinclude each input, respecting each text’s provider.
2References
For the purposes of the present document, the following references apply:
[1]CFR 47, Chapter 1, Subchapter A, Part 4
[2]Middle Class Tax Relief and Job Creation Act of 2012, Pub. L. No. 112-96 (2012)
[3] National Telecom Policy 2012, Department of Telecom, Govt. Of India, 06 June, 2012
[4]TRAI Consultation paper (10 May 2012, Paper No. 11/2012): “Telecom network failures during Emergencies/Disasters – Priority routing of calls of persons engaged in ‘response and recovery’”.
[5]Public policy: Legislation tool and regulatory framework
[6]ETSI TR 102 299: "Emergency Communications (EMTEL); Collection of European Regulatory Texts and orientations".
NOTE: ETSI deliverables can be downloaded, free of charge, at:
[7]ETSI ES 203178: “End-to-End Network Architectures (E2NA); Functional architecture to support European requirements on emergency caller location determination and transport”.
[8]ECC Report 199: “User requirements and spectrum needs for the future European broadband PPDR system (Wide Area Network)”.
[9]ETSI TR 102628: “Electromagnetic compatibility and Radio spectrum Matters (ERM); System reference document; Land Mobile Service; Additional spectrum requirements for future Public Safety and Security (PSS) wireless communication systems in the UHF frequency range”.
[10]Recommendation ITU-T X.1303: “Common alerting protocol (CAP 1.1)”.
[10a]Recommendation ITU-T X.1303bis: “Common alerting protocol (CAP 1.2)”.
[11]ISO/DIS 22322: "Societal security -- Emergency management -- Public warning".
[12] F. Adachi et al.: "R&D Project of Multilayered Communications Network -For disaster-resilient communications-", The 15th International Symposium on Wireless Personal Multimedia Communications, Taipei, Taiwan, September 2012.
[13]ETSI TS 102182: “Emergency Communications (EMTEL); Requirements for communications from authorities/organizations to individuals, groups or the general public during emergencies”.
[14]ETSI TR 102444: “Emergency Communications (EMTEL); Analysis of the Short Message Service (SMS) and Cell Broadcast Service (CBS) for Emergency Messaging applications; Emergency Messaging; SMS and CBS”.
[15]ETSI EN 300468: “Digital Video Broadcasting (DVB); Specification for Service Information (SI) in DVB systems”.
[16]ETSI TS 101154: “Digital Video Broadcasting (DVB); Specification for the use of Video and Audio Coding in Broadcasting Applications based on the MPEG-2 Transport Stream”.
[17]3GPP TS 22.268: “Public Warning System (PWS) requirements”.
[18]3GPP TS 23.041: “Technical realization of Cell Broadcast Service (CBS)”.
[19]Recommendation ITU-R M.1854: “Use of mobile-satellite service (MSS) in disaster response and relief”.
[20]Recommendation ITU-R S.1001: "Use of systems in the fixed-satellite service in the event of natural disasters and similar emergencies for warning and relief operations".
[21]Report ITU-R M.2151: “Use and examples of systems in the fixed-satellite service in the event of natural disasters and similar emergencies for warning and relief operations".
[22]ITU-R Report SM.2152: “Definitions of Software Defined Radio (SDR) and Cognitive Radio System (CRS)”.
[23]ITU–R Report M. 2033: “Radiocommunication objectives and requirements for public protection and disaster relief”.
[24]TIA/ATIS J-STD-100: “CMAS Mobile Device Behaviour Specification”.
[25]TIA/ATIS J-STD-101: “CMAS Federal Alert Gateway to CMSP Gateway Interface Specification”.
[26]TIA/ATIS J-STD-102: “Certification and Testing of the CMAS C-Interface”.
[27]TIA/ATIS J-STD-103: “Joint ATIS/TIA Canadian CMAS”.
[28]ATIS-0700006: “CMAS via GSM-UMTS CBS”.
[29]ATIS-0700007: “Implementation Guidelines and Best Practices for CBS”.
[30]ATIS-0700008: “CBE to CBC Interface Specification”.
[31]ATIS-0700010: “CMAS via EPC PWS Specification”.
[32]ATIS-0700012: “Implementation Guidelines for CMAS Supplemental Information Retrieval”.
[33]ATIS-0700013: “Implementation Guidelines for Mobile Device Support of Multi-Language CMAS”.
[34]TIA-1149-1: “Commercial Mobile Alert Service (CMAS) Over CDMA Systems”.
[35]INCOIS, “PERFORMANCE OF THE INDIAN TSUNAMI EARLY WARNING SYSTEM”, International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Science, Volume XXXVIII, Part 8, Kyoto Japan 2010.
[36]TTAE 3G-23.038: “Alphabets and language-specific information”
[37]3GPP TS 22.030: “Man-Machine Interface (MMI) of the User Equipment (UE)”.
[38]3GPP TS 27.005: “Use of Data Terminal Equipment - Data Circuit terminating Equipment (DTE - DCE) interface for Short Message Service (SMS) and Cell Broadcast Service (CBS)”.
[39]TTAK.KO-06.0263/R1: “Korean Public Alert System over LTE network”.
[40]3GPP TS 36.331: “Evolved Universal Terrestrial Radio Access (E-UTRA); Radio Resource Control (RRC); Protocol specification”.
[41]TTAK.KO-07.0046/R4: “Interface Standard for Terrestrial Digital Multimedia Broadcasting
(T-DMB) Automatic Emergency Alert Service”.
[42]TTAK.KO-07.0054/R1: “Standard for Digital CATV Emergency Alert System Interface”.
[43]TTAS.KO-07.0055: “Receiver Test Procedure for T-DMB Automatic Emergency Alert Service”.
[44]TTAK.KO-07.0078: “Interface Standard for Satellite Digital Multimedia Broadcasting(S-DMB) Automatic Emergency Alert Service”.
[45]TTAK.KO-07.0080: “Terrestrial Digital Multimedia Broadcasting (DMB) Emergency-Alert and Local Broadcast System for In-Tunnel and In-Door Services”.
[46]TTAK.KO-07.0085: “Standard for Digital Satellite Broadcasting Emergency Alert System Interface”.
[47]TTAK.KO-09.0085/R1: “Interface Protocol between Heterogeneous Warning System Server and Integrated Disaster Alert Gateway”.
[48]ETSI TS 102900: “Emergency Communications (EMTEL); European Public Warning System (EU-ALERT) using the Cell Broadcast Service”.
[49]ETSI TR 102850: “Emergency Communications (EMTEL); Analysis of Mobile Device Functionality for PWS”.
[50]3GPP TR 22.952: “Priority service guide”.
[51]3GPP TS 22.953: “Multimedia priority service feasibility study”.
[52]3GPP TR 22.908: “Study on Paging Permission with Access Control (PPAC)”.
[53]3GPP TR 23.067: “Enhanced Multi-Level Precedence and Pre-emption Service (eMLPP); Stage 2”.
[54]3GPP TS 22.101: “Service aspects; Service principles”.
[55]3GPP TR 23.854: “Enhancements for Multimedia Priority Service (MPS)”.
[56]3GPP TR 23.869: “Support for Internet Protocol (IP) based IP Multimedia Subsystem (IMS) Emergency calls over General Packet Radio Service (GPRS) and Evolved Packet Service (EPS)”.
[57]TIA/ATIS J-STD-036: “Enhanced Wireless 9-1-1 Phase II”.
[58]TIA-1133: “All-IP Network Emergency Call Support – Stage 1 Requirements”.
[59]TIA-1111: “All-IP Emergency Call Support”.
[60]TIA-1196: “Multimedia Priority Service (MMPS) for MMD-based Networks – Stage 1 Requirements”.
[61]TIA-1191: “Call back to an Emergency Call Origination Stage 1 Requirements”.
[62]TIA-1148 (November 2011): “HRPD Support for Emergency Services”.
[63]TIA-664.529-B (October 2007): “Wireless Features Description: Emergency Services (9-1-1)”.
[64]TSB-146-A (March 2007): “IP Telephony Support for Emergency Calling Service”.
[65]TSB-146 (March 2003): “Telecommunications - IP Telephony Infrastructures - IP Telephony Support for Emergency Calling Service”.
[66]TIA-689-A (March 2003): “Telecommunications - Multiline Terminal Systems - PBX and KTS Support of Enhanced 9-1-1 Emergency Calling Service”.
[67]YD1406-2005: “Technical Requirements of Routing and Implementation for Inter-network Emergency Call Service”.
[68]YD/T 2247-2011: “Basic Service Requirements of Public Emergency Communication in Different Emergency Circumstances”.
[69]TTAT.3G-X.S0049-0 v1.0: “All-IP Emergency Call Support”.
[70]TTAT.3G-S.R0115-0 v2.0: “All-IP Network Emergency Call Support – Stage 1 Requirements”.
[71]3GPP TS 23.167: “IP Multimedia Subsystem (IMS) emergency sessions”.
[72]TTAK.KO-06.0059/R1: “Mobile Emergency Services Stage 1: Functional Requirements”.
[73]TTAS.KO-06.0088: “Mobile Emergency Service Stage2: Architecture and protocol”.
[74]GTS GSM 02.30: “Digital cellular telecommunications system (Phase 2+) (GSM); Man-Machine Interface (MMI) of the Mobile Station (MS) (GSM 02.30)”.
[75]ETSITR102180: “Emergency Communications (EMTEL); Basis of requirements for communication of individuals with authorities/organizations in case of distress (Emergency call handling)”.
[76]ETSI SR 002 777: “Emergency Communications (EMTEL); Test/verification procedure for emergency calls”.
[77]Dedicated Short Range Communications Fact Sheet at:
[78]ASTM International Standard E2213-03(2010): “Standard Specification for Telecommunications and Information Exchange Between Roadside and Vehicle Systems — 5 GHz Band Dedicated Short Range Communications (DSRC) Medium Access Control (MAC) and Physical Layer (PHY) Specifications”.
[79]SAE J2735 (2009): “Dedicated Short Range Communications (DSRC) Message Set Dictionary”.
[80]ARIB STD-T109 Ver1.0: “700 MHz band Intelligent Transport Systems”.
[81]TTAK.KO-06.0242/R1: “Vehicle-to-Vehicle Communication System Stage3: Application Protocol Interface”.
[82]TTAK.KO-06.0255: “Application Interface for Driving Situation Management Service Between Server and ICT Devices: Messages Protocol”.
[83]CEN EN 15722: “Road transport and traffic telematics — eSafety — eCall minimum set of data”.