P4 | APUSH | Ms. Wiley | ON-1, Jefferson-Monroe, D___Name:
Overview Notes 1: The Administrations of Thomas Jefferson (1801-1809), James Madison (1809-1817), & James Monroe (1817-1825)
[The “Virginia Dynasty”]
The Jefferson Administration (1801-1809)
Jefferson, A Background:
- Penned the Declaration of Independence: set the ______standard to which the U.S. should strive
- Opposed ______fiscal plan and ______use of elastic clause
- Built the first oppositional party by the end of Washington’s administration (Democratic-Republicans)
- With Madison, penned the KY and VA ______: a “radical doctrine of states’ rights that undermined the Constitution”
- Commonly ranked in the top 5 presidents
“Revolution of 1800”:
- Peaceful transition from one party to its hated rival—without leading to dictatorship or revolt
- Hoped to achieve an ______republic—a country of small farms clustered together in small communities
- Self-sufficiency + frugality + independence
- Made land ______in the West
- Determined to reverse ______policies
- Reduced navy and cut taxes, staff, and debt
Louisiana Purchase, 1803:
- Acquired the territory (which ______the size of the U.S.) from Napoleonic France who had just lost the struggle for Haiti and was distracted by European wars
- Jefferson acted despite the lack of an ______Constitutional authority and instituted a non-republican government in Louisiana Territory
- A shocking purchase for the “______” and republican-loving Jefferson
- The West held a special place in Jefferson’s heart—expansion/land was an important piece of Jefferson’s agrarian vision
- Secured funding for Lewis and Clark Expedition, 1805-’06
Indian Policy:
- Encouraged and endorsed ______programs
- Used treaty-system and commerce to bind the U.S. with Indian nations
- Encouraged Indians to buy on credit, hoping they would fall into debt, which they could later repay through the sale of lands
- Some Native American groups accepted the “civilization program” (the “______Tribes”) but others joined a resistance movement that would cause difficulties for the Madison administration
Foreign Affairs—
______War, 1801-‘05 / Foreign Affairs—
Europe
- Jefferson had ______the use of a navy for anything more than coastal defense
- But after routine pirate attacks on American shipping interests by North African pirates, he could no longer ignore the problem
- Ordered naval bombardments in the region and an attack on Tripoli, Libya
- Conflict was unresolved
- Napoleon was seizing U.S. merchant ships that stopped in British ports
- Britain was searching American merchant ships for British deserters and used these raids to replenish its crews (“______”)
- A raid in 1807 caused the deaths of 3 U.S. sailors
- To maintain neutrality in the Napoleonic Wars, Jefferson forbade exporting and importing (the ______Act of 1807)
- ______suffered severely and Jefferson was vehemently denounced
- Act was largely unenforced and was repealed in 1809
Jefferson & Slavery:
- Denounced the international slave trade and the institution of slavery itself but put the issue on later ______(gave himself the “moral high ground”)
- Wrote that free blacks and whites could not live together in one society and that blacks were biologically inferior to whites
- Spoke against ______, though the consensus among scholars (and DNA evidence) supports the theory of his relationship with one of his slaves
- Acted as a ______to his own slaves
- Did not free his slaves—sold them at his death to help pay off the large debts he had acquired throughout his lifetime
Jefferson & Religion:
- Stamped ______as an opponent of religion by the Federalists
- Jefferson was a Deist who studied many religions while celebrating the teachings of Jesus and Christian principles
- He was an opponent of ______religion and sought to disestablish the Church in VA and reduce control by clergy in schools
Jefferson and the Wall(?) of Separation:
- Review the article—what you underlined and annotated; discuss any questions with partner
- See Amendment I and Jefferson’s Danbury letter excerpt below
- Why do you suspect Dr. Dreisbach (constitutional scholar/political scientist at American University) wrote this article? [3-4 sentences]
- What do we learn about Jefferson from this article? [make list with SPECIFIC evidence]
- Based on what you’ve read in the article, how solid should the “wall” be? Why? [3-4 sentences]
Marbury v. Madison, 1803:
- Disagreed with the decision and subsequent power of the Court to use judicial review (see Judiciary Developments document)
- Jefferson lamented: “To consider the judges as the ultimate authorities of all constitutional questions [is] a very dangerous doctrine indeed…our judges are as honest as other men and not more so. They have with others the same passions for party, for power, and…privilege.”
The Jeffersonian Legacy:
- Major American icon of ______—celebrated by Lincoln and FDR, 2 other beloved presidents
- But his reputation has been ______in recent decades as a result of his:
- Views/action with regards to race
- Disloyalty under Washington/Adams
- Extreme advocacy of nullification
- Personal spending excesses
- Harsh treatment of native peoples
The Madison Administration (1809-1817)
Madison, A Background:
- Key architect of the Constitution and Bill of Rights, which were added onto the Constitution in ______as a compromise between federalists and antifederalists
- Author of the Federalist Papers (1787-’88)
- Remember, in 1787 a federalist meant you ______the Constitution; no political parties existed at that time
- Author of the ______Resolutions with Jefferson, which asserted principle of nullification in response to the ______Acts (1798-‘99)
- As president, Madison sought to continue Jefferson’s agenda of dismantling the system left behind by the Federalists under Washington and Adams
- Allowed the bank of the U.S. to expire (it had been created in 1791 with a twenty-year charter) despite his treasury secretary’s opinion that the bank was a necessity
- The absence of a national bank made the war with Britain ______to finance
- Madison changed his mind about the bank in 1816
- Jeffersonian/Democratic-Republicans had control of Congress and the presidency; thus, they were in a strong position to pursue their more aggressive agenda against Britain (Federalists coined the war “Mr. Madison’s War”)
War of 1812 (to 1814), Causes & Opponents vs. Proponents:
- United States vs. Britain (which included Canada, won from France in ______, and Indian allies)
- Americans were deeply divided over going to war; Republicans supported while Federalists opposed the war
Issues at Sea—Impressment
/
Issues on the Mainland—British Support for Indian Peoples
& Competition Over Canada
- ______of American merchant sailors into the Royal Navy
- Several thousand British sailors had deserted the Royal Navy and become naturalized citizens in America; Britain, short on sailors, disputed their naturalization papers and resorted to intercepting American ships and searching for deserters
- Madison had opened trade with France once they agreed to respect America’s rights as a neutral nation at sea (thereby ending Jefferson’s ______Act)
- Britain would not agree to respect American’s rights as a neutral nation at sea, so Madison cut off trade with Britain, which enraged the British and led to more impressment
- U.S. viewed this as a violation of international law and America’s right to trade with others
- Sailors’ rights became a rallying cry for the U.S. throughout the conflict
- British had ceded Indian territory to the U.S. in the Treaty of Paris (1783) after the ______War
- A confederacy of natives led by Chief ______(see image p. 3) organized to block U.S. expansion and wage a “holy war” in 1809 and immediately received ______from Britain(the confederation was ultimately defeated in 1811)
- Britain saw the Indian nations as valuable allies and a buffer to its Canadian colonies and provided arms
- Westerners were convinced that their problems could best be solved by forcing the British out of Canada through war
- Americans were interested in ______British North American territory (part of modern-day Canada), which was only lightly defended by the British
- Canada was populated with:
-Canadian elite (mostly French) who feared American conquest would destroy the Catholic Church
-Pro-American immigrants (who had been driven to Canada with the offer of land grants to immigrants)
Proponents of War /
Opponents of War
- Support for war was strong in Republican strongholds in the South and West
- Republicans were labeled “war ______”
- Wanted to seize territory in British Canada and Spanish Florida
- Wanted to retaliate against British for impressment and aiding Indian peoples
- Support for war was ______in Federalist areas of the Northeast
- Federalists were pro-British and relied on trade with Britain
- Few volunteered to serve and many New England states refused to lend money to the federal government
- Military setbacks increased opposition to the war
- ______(CT) of 1814-15
- Some New Englanders threatened to secede
- Others proposed amending the Constitution:
- A 1-term president, rotated among citizens from different states
- A 2/3 majority in Congress to declare war, prohibit trade, or admit a new state to the Union
Miscellaneous War Notes:
- America was poorly positioned to conduct war; suffered humiliating defeats
- U.S. military was unprepared after Jeffersonian military cuts but benefited from Britain’s distraction in Napoleonic Wars
- Thousands of slaves escaped during wartime chaos to find freedom aboard British ships
- British burned the ______in 1814
- Dolly Madison, Madison’s wife, became famous for rescuing a portrait of ______
- Defeat of Napoleon in 1814 and the return of “legitimacy” to the French ______meant that France and Britain were finally at peace
- Britain had no need to restrict trade or impress American sailors, thus removing two of the causes of the war
- Britain was tired from European warfare
- By 1814, neither country had any reason to continue the fight
Results of the War:
- Treaty of ______(Belgium), 1814
- No real winners; instead, a stalemate
- Britain had wanted to create an Indian barrier state which they would sponsor so as to block American expansion into Canada but America refused; America had wanted territory in Canada but Britain refused
- Both sides realized their objectives weren’t worth the cost of prolonged warfare
- Involved no boundary changes; each side returned occupied land to its pre-war owner
- Britain and America quickly resumed trade and, over time, their friendship grew
- Produced a wave of ______
- Victory over invading British armies in Baltimore inspired the national anthem (“The Star-Spangled Banner”), written by ______
- War ended on a high note with General Andrew Jackson’s victory at New Orleans in 1815; Jackson became a national hero
- Took six weeks for ships to cross the Atlantic so news of the peace treaty did not arrive before the British suffered this major defeat
- Redeemed the nation’s battered pride
- Signaled a vindication of American identity; people at the time called it America’s “Second War of Independence”; Britain, meanwhile, viewed the war as an afterthought, as they were distracted by the Napoleonic Wars
- Ushered in an “______” (1814-1825) in which partisan animosity nearly vanished in the face of strengthened U.S. nationalism
- Collapse of the ______Party, who had strongly opposed the war effort
- Contributed to the Era of Good Feelings
- One-party rule; period of political unity and increased nationalism
- Republicans would adopt some ______policies, thus becoming more moderate
- Came to support the national bank; Madison reestablished the bank in 1816
- Only “losers” of the war were ______, who were left without any reliable European allies in North America
- By 1813, Americans had killed Tecumseh and broken his coalition of tribes
- Britain no longer supported Indian nations
- Like Jefferson, Madison had a ______attitude toward American Indians, encouraging the men to give up hunting and become farmers
- Madison wanted to protect native lands from intrusion but after Tecumseh’s confederation was defeated, Indians were pushed off their lands and replaced entirely by white settlers
Postwar Economic Development:
- Nation turned to the tasks of expansion and development
- Madison and Congress [mostly] approved Henry Clay’s “______”
- A plan to unite the different regions of America and create a strong, stable economy that would make the nation self-sufficient
- Each part of the country would sustain the other and America would be economically independent:
- The North would provide manufactured goods for the South and West; the South and West would raise most of the grain, meat, and cotton needed in the North
- 3-tenants:
- Protective ______to promote U.S. manufacturing
- Resurrect the national bank to make credit more available
- Fund internal improvements
- Improved transportation would facilitate exchange
- Clearly a Federalist-style policy now being endorsed by ______
- Madison vetoed the internal improvements piece, but later presidents would lend their support
The Monroe Administration (1817-1825)
Monroe,A Background:
- Another founder and Virginian; last of the Revolutionary generation to hold office
- Presided over the “Era ______,” though factions within the Republican party were apparent
- Monroe was a slave-owner who, like Jefferson, condemned the practice as evil but participated in it nonetheless
- Joined the American Colonization Society (formed in 1816), which sought to send freed slaves to the African colony of ______
- Felt the only solution to the black-white problem was the removal of blacks to Africa over time
- Hoped to prevent free blacks from encouraging slaves in the South to rebel
- Received about $100,000 in ______grant money
- Bought land for some freedmen
- Capital of Liberia was named Monrovia after President Monroe
- ______McCulloch v. Maryland (1819) (see Judiciary Developments document)
Missouri Compromise, 1820:
- In an effort to preserve the balance of power in the ______between slave and free states and defuse the sectional rivalries triggered by the request of Missouri late in 1819 for admission as a slave state, a compromise was passed admitting Missouri as a slave state and Maine (separated from Massachusetts) as a free state
- With the exception of Missouri, the law ______slavery in the ______Territory north of the 36° 30´ latitude line
Perspectives on the Missouri Compromise, 1820
Southern / Northern / Monroe
- Many Southerners critiqued the compromise; some VA hotheads even suggested succession
- Upset that the compromise established the principle that Congress could make laws regarding slavery
- Southerners felt that the new states should have the same freedom of action as the original 13, which got to ______slavery if they wished
- Northerners also condemned the compromise for acquiescing in the expansion of slavery (though only South of the compromise line), which would ultimately bring more slave-state power to the federal government
- Opposition was fueled by ______, rather than moral, reasons
- Monroe, a slave owner himself, let it be known that he would veto any measure restricting slavery in Missouri, since this would be contrary to the idea set forth in the ______of 1787 that new states would be admitted on an equal footing with older states
- Since slavery was a legal institution according to the Constitution, imposing limitations on Missouri would deprive that state of the right to determine a basic institution
- After months of debate in Congress, Monroe lent his support to the compromise and eventually signed it into law
- The 1854, the compromise would be repealed by the Kansas-Nebraska Act (Period 5 material); in 1857, the compromise would be declared unconstitutional by the Supreme Court in the Dred Scott decision, which ruled that Congress did not have the authority to prohibit slavery in the territories (Period 5 material)
- See Sources on Monroe Administration document for more detail and analysis
Monroe Doctrine, 1823:
- In what was actually an address to Congress, Monroe warned European powers to stay out of the newly independent republics in ______(who had just broken free of Spanish rule)
- The American continents were not “subject for further colonization”
- Americans feared that Spain and France might reassert colonialism over Latin American peoples who had just overthrown Spanish rule, thereby posing a threat to U.S. territory
- Signs that Russia was expanding its presence southward from Alaska toward Oregon Territory were also disconcerting
- In return, Monroe pledged that the U.S would not “______in the internal concerns” of European nations
- By the mid-1800s, Monroe’s declaration, combined with ideas of Manifest Destiny, provided precedent and support for U.S. ______on the American continent
The Economy
Bank / Internal Improvements / Tariff / Panic of 1817
Diplomacy of John Quincy Adams (Monroe’s Secretary of State):
1817 / 1818 / 1819- Persuaded Monroe to declare what would later be referred to as the Monroe Doctrine
- Thanks to JQA, the U.S. had asserted its diplomatic leadership in the Western Hemisphere and won ______of its Northern and Western boundaries
- See Sources on Monroe Administration document for more detail and analysis
Crisis in Florida
Causes / Key Events / Results
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