Name ______

AP Euro – Test Review

Chapter 16: The Scientific Revolution and the Emergence of Modern Science

16th – 17th Century

Key Points:

·  Concept of reason introduced into everyday understanding of the world – marks the beginnings of the modern age.

·  Until the early 16th century, science was restricted to the Church - based on faith and ancient methods of “logical” reasoning

·  Copernicus introduced the Heliocentric Theory (planets revolve around the sun), which sparked a secularization of science from theology

·  Scientists believed that methodically explaining the natural world was a religious endeavor; however, the Church felt threatened by these new ideas and rejected scientific innovations in physics, astronomy, and math.

·  Scientific Revolution results in improved technology along with the challenging of traditional religious, political, and intellectual perspectives

Terms/People/Topics to know:

* For all PEOPLE you should focus on major beliefs, writings, and events

Causes of the Scientific Revolution

Aristotelian-Ptolemaic view of the cosmos

Leonardo da Vinci

Hermeticism

Copernicus

Kepler

Brahe

Galileo

Inquisition of Galileo

Newton

Paracelsus

Vesalius

Lavoisier

Role of Women

Margaret Cavendish

Spinoza

Descartes

Pascal

Key Questions:

How did scientific discoveries change the way people thought about the universe, religion, government and society?

Was the Scientific Revolution indeed a revolution in the sense of a sudden and thorough change?

Chapter 17: The Eighteenth Century: An Age of Enlightenment

·  Humans are fundamentally good

·  Applied scientific method to society (i.e. grandfather of sociology, psychology, etc)

·  People should think for themselves and use reason to understand the world

·  Natural Laws should be protected by rulers (Life, Liberty, and Property)

·  Opposed by the Old Regime --> censorship

·  Human reason will lead to a better world: Fundamental optimism about humanity’s ability to rid itself of the evils of poverty, injustice, and oppression

·  Ideas apply in various ways, to varying degrees of success, by absolute monarchs in France, Austria, Prussia, and Russia

Terms/People/Topics to know:

* For all PEOPLE you should focus on major beliefs, writings, and events

Causes of the Enlightenment

Principles: reason, equality, individualism, skepticism, secularism

Locke

Tabula Rasa

Philosophes

Newton

Montesquieu

Deism

Diderot

Adam Smith

Rousseau

Emile

Salons

Role of women and the Enlightenment

Madame de Geoffrin

Mary Astell

Mary Wollstonecraft

Rococo art

Haydn

Mozart

Neoclassical Art

Jacques Louis David

Cesare Beccaria

Enlightenment influence on crime and punishment

Carnival

Pogroms

Jews of 18th century Europe

Key Questions:

How did Enlightenment thought influence religion, politics, and culture in the 18th century?

To what extent did the Enlightenment lead to political, economic, and social reform?

Chapter 18: The Eighteenth Century: European States, International Wars, and Social Change

Key Points:

·  Monarchs apply ideas of enlightenment to varying degrees, with varying degrees of success

·  “Enlightened absolutism” label applied to monarchs in Austria, Prussia, and Russia

·  Realities of power remain focus of monarchies: Partition of Poland, War of Austrian Succession, Seven Years War

·  Most European states continue to centralize their governments and build their militaries

·  Five great powers emerge: Britain, France, Austria, Prussia, and Russia

·  Dramatic demographic, economic, and social changes

Terms/People/Topics to know:

* For all PEOPLE you should focus on major beliefs, writings, and events

What factors lead to “enlightened absolutism”?

Louis XV

Madame de Pompadour

What factors lead to France’s decline (1715-1792)?

Pocket boroughs (England)

What factors lead to the Dutch Republic’s economic decline?

Frederick William I (Prussia)

Frederick II “the Great” of Prussia

Maria Theresa (Austria)

Joseph II of Austria

Catherine II “the Great” of Russia

Emelyan Pugachev

Partition of Poland

Gustavus III of Sweden

Balance of Power politics in the 18th century

War of Austrian Succession

Seven Years’ War

French and Indian Wars

Treaty of Paris

European armies (18th c.)

Causes of population growth (18th c.)

Potatoes

Cottage system

Foundling homes

Special privileges of European nobility (18th c.)

The Grand Tour

European cities (18th c.)

Key Question: How “enlightened” were the “enlightened monarchs”?

Why is the Seven Years’ War considered the first world war by some historians?

Name ______

Review: Chapter 18: The Eighteenth Century: European States, International Wars, and Social Change

Name of Monarch / Chief “Enlightened” Reforms / Success/Failure of Reforms / Non-“Enlightened” Acts
Prussia:
Frederick II “The Great” (1740-1786)
Austria:
Joseph II (1780-1790)
Russia:
Catherine “The Great” (1762-1796)

TRUE/FALSE: Mark the statement T or F. If it is false, rewrite the correct answer in the space below the statement.

____1. Frederick the Great had no use for the Enlightenment or its philosophes, immersed as he was in building his military.

____2. In the War of the Austrian Succession, Empress Maria Theresa of Austria managed to wrest Silesia away from Prussia.

____3. Louis XIV, who died in 1715, left France with larger territories than when he ascended the throne, but also with an enormous national debt, an unhappy populace, and his five-year-old great-grandson as his successor.

____4. In the eighteenth century, the British Parliament was dominated by the urban middle classes, particularly merchants and industrialists.

____5. The country that was dismembered during the eighteenth century by Austria, Prussia, and Russia was Poland.

____6. Eighteenth century enlightened rulers were not always "enlightened," but they were also hindered in instituting necessary reforms because of the power still held by the hereditary aristocracy.

____7. As a result of the Seven Years' War, Maria Theresa and Austria were successful in regaining the Austrian province of Silesia from Prussia.

____8. Of the great powers, only Great Britain had no regular standing army, often relying upon German mercenaries to fight their battles.

____9. The potato is originally from Ireland.

___10. The social order of Europe based upon the medieval practice of traditional "estates" or "orders" began to disappear as a result of widespread destruction engendered by the War of the Austrian Succession and the Seven Years' War.