Unit Two
European History: Renaissance and Reformation
STUDY GUIDE
The following is a list of items about which you should be able to speak intelligently if you are to succeed on this exam. Study your notes, handouts, and the book (pp. 36-66)
Renaissance:
HumanismRealism
NaturalismSecularism
BrunelleschiRedirection of focus from Middle Ages
MichelangeloLeonardo da Vinci
RaphaelWilliam Shakespeare
Imitation of Greeks and Romans (the ancients)Changes in art, architecture, math, medicine, etc.
Reformation:
Long term causesChristendom
Nationalism and strong monarchsBabylonian Captivity (1309-1377)
Great Schism (1378-1417)Weakening of respect for church authority
Martin Luther 1517 – H.R.E., ScandinaviaJohn Calvin 1530s, Switzerland, Scotland, Netherlands
King Henry VIII 1530s, EnglandCatholic counter-reformation (counterattack)
Abuses in the Church – simony, nepotism, etc.95 Theses
IndulgencesExcommunication, heresy
Charles V, Holy Roman EmperorFrederick the Wise
Luther’s doctrines – especially Sola Scriptura, Sola Fidei, Priesthood of all believers, rejection of Pope
Causes of spread and acceptance of LutheranismPeace of Augsburg, Treaty of Westphalia
Calvin’s Institutes of the Christian ReligionTheocracy
Calvin’s doctrines – esp. Predestination, the “Elect”Huguenots (French Calvinists)
Edict of NantesPresbyterian Church
Henry VIII – Act of SupremacyAnnulment, Catherine of Aragon
Edward VI, Mary Tudor, Elizabeth IAnglican Church
Pope Paul IIICouncil of Trent
Holy InquisitionIndex of Forbidden Books
Society of Jesus (a.k.a. Jesuits)Ignatius of Loyola
Scientific Revolution:
Copernicus GalileoScientific Method
Rene Descartes, Francis Bacon, Isaac Newton – calculus
The following are questions you should be able to respond to if you are to be prepared for this exam.
1. A) Do you think that the Renaissance was an improvement over Middle Ages times? B) Why or why not?
2. What were the two major traits we spoke of in regard to the Renaissance?
3. A) What do you think was the most significant of the Church’s problems just before Luther? B) Why?
4. Why did the king or the prince have an interest in putting down heresy in this time period?
5. Identify and explain one teaching or doctrine with which A) Luther, B) Calvin, and C) Henry VIII each opposed classic Catholic teaching. Identify what they said and how it differs from the Catholic view.
6. A) Do you think that the Peace of Augsburg was a good settlement? B) Why?
7. A) Who do you think was the most important reformer (Catholic or Protestant) and B) why?
8. A) What do you think was the most significant thing done by the Catholic Church to stop the spread of Protestantism? B) Why this in particular?