Name:KEYDate:World Geography – Period:
Unit 4 Test Study Guide
Multiculturalism, Diffusion, Convergence / Divergence, Culture Change
Government Types, Balance of Power, EU / UN
- Multiculturalism
- Ethnic Groups:
Ethnic groups are groups of people with common ancestry, culture, and many times, common religion and language.
- Homogeneous / Heterogeneous Societies:
Cultures with one dominant ethnicity; Cultures that have many ethnicities in their society
- Stateless Ethnicities:
Some ethnic groups are tied to a certain region, but have no country of their own
- Minorities / Minority Influence:
Minorities are groups that are the smallest sized ethnicities. These are any groups that are not the dominant ethnicity
Despite prejudice, discrimination, expulsion, and genocide; minorities have contributed greatly to religion, language, and other cultural ideas all over the world
- Ethnic Prejudice / Ethnic Discrimination:
When minorities are treated inferior; denied political power; or otherwise
Occurs when minority groups are denied civil or political rights
- Expulsion / Genocide:
Extreme actions against minorities; expulsion kicking out a minority and genocide is exterminating a minority
- Diffusion
- Spread of New Products:
Silk Road - Merchants from many different cultures used this route to trade goods
Columbian Exchange - The exchange of goods between the Americas and Europe
New products today - the exchange of new products is much faster and easier
- Spread of Ideas:
Contact between cultures can also lead to the exchange of ideas
- Spread of Traits (American Pop Culture)
Cultural traits from one culture can become traits to another culture through cultural diffusion
Radio
Movies
TV shows
T-shirts
Blue Jeans
Fast Food
- Spread of Diseases / Pandemics
A negative effect of diffusion.
Disease can spread through trade.
Ex: Bubonic Plague - devastated Europe and Asia during the Middle Ages
- Cultural Convergence / Divergence
When one or more cultural traits come into contact with one another
When a culture is isolated and has little or no contact with other cultural ideas, traits, or people
- Culture Change
- Roots of Change (What causes Change?)
Migration; Trade; Conflict
- Technological Innovations (What innovations caused change and how?)
Printing Press; Cotton Gin; Telephone; Computer; Steam Engine; Automobiles; Railroad; Air travel; GPS; GIS; Air Conditioner; Desalinization; Medicine; Combine; Tractor; Fertilizers
medicines increased life expectancy around the world; changes in the Environment; they built towns in areas otherwise would not have had populations.
- Types of Government
- What are the different types of government? List examples for each one.
Monarchy - Middle Ages Europe (Louis XIV); Ancient Roman Empire; Ancient China; England
Republic - United States; Republics of Venice and Genoa
Democracy - Ancient Athens; United States
Dictatorship - Cuba under Castro; Uganda; Zimbabwe
Totalitarian - Germany under Hitler; Soviet Union under Stalin; Iraq under Hussein; North Korea
Theocracy – Iran; Vatican City (Pope)
- Balance of Power
The idea that if one country becomes too strong, other countries will join together against it.; Power of the largest countries should not be too unequal
- What are the EU and UN? What role do they play in the world?
EU – economic alliance between 28 European countries; balance the economic power of countries like the U.S., China, Russia, etc.
UN – political alliance between many countries throughout the world; to balance the power of the world equally among the nations of the world
- What are the different types of government?
- List the important aspects and where they get their power / who controls the government.
Monarchy – hereditary ruler, given power by God through divine right; ruler controls government and makes all decisions
Republic – People govern themselves without a monarch
Democracy – Regular people hold power and make decisions
Dictatorship – Power rests with individual or small group; usually takes control of government with force
Totalitarian – Dictatorial government that controls every aspect of their citizens lives
Theocracy – Religious leaders control government
- What are the different types of economies?
- List examples of each.
Traditional – Bushmen of Kalahari Desert
Tribesmen of Algeria
Villages of South Asia
Market – United States
Command – Former Soviet Union
North Korea
Cuba
Mixed – Sweden
Israel
- What is scarcity?
People have unlimited wants; Not enough resources/goods available to meet everybody’s needs/wants
- What does an economic spectrum show?
The economic freedom of a country in relation to the type of economic system it has.
- What are the four (4) levels of economic activities?
- List examples of each.
Primary / Secondary / Tertiary / Quaternary
Growing crops / manufacturing / service / cancer researcher
Raising livestock / oil refining / teacher / scientist
Fishing / doctor / CEO of company
Logging / nurse
Mining / accountant
- What are the levels of development?
More developed
Newly Industrialized/emerging economies
Less developed
- What are some characteristics of each level of development?
More developed – low birth rate, low infant mortality, high GDP, high levels of 2nd and 3rd economic activities, high literacy
Less developed – high birth rate, high infant mortality, low GDP, mostly 1st and 2nd economic activities, low literacy rate
Newly Industrialized – transitioning from less to more
- Which economic activity levels are you going to find in the different levels of economic development?
Less Developed – mostly primary activities, few secondary, tertiary, and quaternary
Newly Industrialized – dominated by primary; emerging secondary and tertiary
More Developed – all four activity levels; dominated by tertiary and quaternary
- What are the different types of natural resources? Give examples of each
Renewable – soil, water, trees
Non-renewable – oil, copper, gold
Fossil Fuels – coal, natural gas, oil