Chapter 19 Notes – Reproductive Systems
Male Reproductive System
•Objectives:
•1) Identify the structures of the major organs and parts of the male reproductive system.
• 2) Describe the functions of the major organs and parts of the male reproductive system.
•3) Compare an erection and ejaculation as a nervous system process.
Testes
•Testes produce male gametes (spermatozoa) and the male sex hormone – testosterone.
•Found in a pouch of skin called a scrotum
•Size of a small egg
•Made of 250 lobules, each with coiled seminiferous tubules
•Where sperm ______
Epididymis
•The seminiferous tubules join to form the epididymis – where sperm are ______
•The epididymis joins at the ductus deferens and form the vas deferens
Descent of the Testes
•In embryo, testes are formed in the abdomen
•During the last 3 months, migrate into scrotum
•______: condition where testes do not descend
•Rx – surgical procedure before puberty
Vas Deferens
•Runs from epididymis to ejaculatory duct
•Seminal Vesicles - connect to vas deferens
•Secretions ______sperm
•Ejaculatory Duct – connect vas deferens with urethra
Penis
•Contains erectile tissue
•Becomes ______with blood during an erection
•End of penis covered by loose fitting skin – Foreskin
•Foreskin often removed during circumcision
Prostate Gland
•Surrounds beginning of ______
•Size and shape of a chestnut
•Secretes a fluid that enhances sperm ______
Bulbourethral Glands
•Located on either side of prostate and below prostate
•Add alkaline (basic) secretion to semen that helps sperm ______
Erection and Ejaculation
•Urethra has dual role – excretion of urine and to expel semen
•Erection is caused when erectile tissue fills with blood
•Ejaculation expels semen
•Ejaculation is sympathetic nervous system, while erection is parasympathetic
•"Point and shoot" is a good way to remember it
•Impotence – unable to sustain an erection to copulate
Female Reproductive System
•Objectives:
•4) Identify the structures of the major organs and parts of the female reproductive system.
•5) Describe the functions of the major organs and parts of the female reproductive system.
•6) Explain the process of fertilization.
•7) Describe the 4 events that occur during a menstrual cycle.
•8) Define menopause and describe the possible symptoms.
Ovaries
•Primary sex organs of the female
•Located in lower part of abdominal cavity
•About the size of an ______
•2 functions:
•Produce ______
•Manufacture female sex hormones
•Each ovary contains thousands of microscopic sacs - follicle
•A single follicle matures every ______days
•An ovum matures inside during reproductive years
•Corpus luteum – part of follicle that secretes ______in menstrual cycle
•Reproductive ability begins at puberty
•Menarche – first menstrual period
•When ovum is mature in the follicle, it is released (______) about 2 weeks before menstrual period begins
•After ovulation, the ovum travels down the fallopian tube
•Fertilization occurs in the fallopian tube, usually within 2 days of ovulation
•Following fertilization, the zygote implants in the ______
•Development of follicle is controlled by ______(follicle stimulating hormone), ovulation is caused by ______(luteinizing hormone)
Fallopian Tubes
•4 inches long – not attached to ovaries
•______pregnancy – zygote implants in fallopian tube
•Smooth muscle and cilia help propel ova into the uterus
Uterus
•Hollow, thick-walled, pear-shaped, highly ______organ
•Lies behind the urinary bladder and in front of the rectum
•Fundus – bulging upper part of the uterus
•Body – middle portion
•Cervix narrow portion that extends into the vagina
•Uterine Wall – Three layers
•Visceral peritoneum – outer layer
•Myometrium – thick, muscular layer
•Endometrium – inner, mucous lining
Vagina
•______muscle with a mucous membrane lining
•External Female Genitalia
•Vulva – external organs of reproduction
•Mons Pubis - the rounded fleshy prominence over the symphysis pubis
•Labia – folds of skin that surround vagina
•Perineum – area between vagina and rectum
•Episiotomy – incision in perineum to make more room for childbirth
Breasts
•Accessory organs – function to produce milk immediately after childbirth until child is old enough for solid food
•Sometimes longer!
•Areola – darkened area that surrounds nipple
•______– stimulates the mammary glands to secrete milk following childbirth
Menstrual Cycle
•Every 28 days
•Divided into 4 stages
•______stage – FSH stimulates follicle with ovum to mature, releases estrogen and prepares uterine lining
•Lasts 10 days
•______stage – Pituitary stops FSH and releases LH, 14th day – follicle ruptures and mature ovum is released
•______stage – corpus luteum secretes progesterone.
•Egg is fertilized: progesterone continues and prevents further ovulation – keeps uterine lining, lasts 14 days
•Egg is not fertilized….
•______stage – if no embryo, corpus luteum dissolves in progesterone and uterine lining breaks down and is discharged, 3-6 days (always feels like too many)
Menopause
•Defined as 12 months after your last menstrual cycle – ______ends in women
•Average age of menopause is ______in the US
•Physical and emotional symptoms of menopause:
•Disruption of sleep
•Hot flashes
•Lower energy
•Feelings of anxiety, sadness or loss
Conception and Pregnancy
•Objectives:
•9) Analyze the relationship between gametes and a zygote.
•10) Describe the events that occur during fertilization.
•11) Summarize what occurs during pregnancy.
•12) Identify the major reproductive procedures.
•13) Describe possible male and female reproductive disorders.
•14) Differentiate between methods of contraception.
Germ Cells
•Sex cells, gametes, eggs and sperm
•Produced in gonads
•Female Gonad: ______
•Female Gamete: ______(egg)
•Male Gonad: ______
•Male Gamete: ______
Gametes
•Female gametes have 22 autosomes and one sex chromosome – X
•Male gametes have 22 autosomes and either an X or a Y sex chromosome
•If the zygote is female it will be ______and male will be ______
Fertilization
•During sexual intercourse sperm enter female reproductive tract and live or a day or two
•Approximately ______million sperm in 1 cc of semen – if count less than 20 million, man is sterile
•Eventually, one and only one sperm penetrates and fertilizes the ovum
•True fertilization occurs when the sperm nucleus combines with the ovum nucleus to form a fertilized egg cell –______
•The zygote has 46 chromosomes
•It divides, and those cells divide, and so on
•Zygote continues to divide as it travels down fallopian tube and is implanted in wall of uterus.
•At 7 days, the zygote becomes an ______
•At 3 months, it becomes a ______
Pregnancy
•Pregnancy = Prenatal period or ______
•Normal pregnancy = ______weeks or ______days
•Also divided into 3 trimesters (3 month periods)
•QUICKENING = first recognizable movement of fetus between 4th and 5th month
•MISCARRIAGE = Spontaneous Abortion
Reproductive Procedures
•LAPAROSCOPY
•Under anesthesia, abdomen distended with carbon dioxide gas to make organs easier to see
•Tube with a light on it is inserted through tiny incision
•Can remove tissue with laparoscope
•MASTECTOMY – surgical removal of the breast
•MAMMOGRAM – breast x-ray to detect tumors, recommended annually for women 40
•VASECTOMY – male sterilization, removal of part of the vas deferens
•CIRCUMCISION – surgical removal of the foreskin
Male Reproductive Disorders
•BPH (BENIGN PROSTATIC HYPERTROPHY)
•Enlarged prostate
•More than half of men in their sixties and 90% of men in their seventies have some symptoms
•Prostate enlarges but capsule does not, causing prostate to clamp down on urethra.
•This causes the bladder to become irritable, causing urinary frequency
•Diagnosis by rectal exam, ultrasound, and cystoscopy
•Rx – usually prostatectomy – laser surgery, sometimes no Rx
Female Reproductive Disorders
•ENDOMETRIOSIS
•Endometrial tissue found outside the ______
•Abnormal patches of the uterine lining
•Results in internal bleeding, inflammation of surrounding areas and formation of scar tissue, dysmenorrhea, infertility, heavy or irregular bleeding
•Cause – unknown
•TOXIC SHOCK SYNDROME
•Bacterial infection caused by staphylococcus
•Symps – fever, rash, hypotension
•Cause – use of ______
•Rx – antibiotics
•MASTITIS – inflammation of the ______, bacteria enter through the nipple, infection begins in one lobule, may spread
•CERVICAL CANCER
•Detected by a PAP SMEAR (PAPANICOLAOU) -sample of cell scrapings taken for microscopic study
•Should be done ______
•Rx – early detection, hysterectomy, chemotherapy and radiation
Sexually Transmitted Diseases
•GENITAL HERPES
•______
•Burning sensation with small blisters on genitalia
•Symptoms disappear after 2 weeks but will continue to reappear throughout the lifetime of the individual
•Females – may need a ______to prevent infection of newborn during childbirth
Contraception: Methods of preventing pregnancy and in some instances, some degree of protection against STDs.
•Abstinence – 100% effectiveness
•Sterilization - 100% effectiveness
•Birth control pills – 95-99% effectiveness
•IUD – 93-99% effectiveness
•Diaphragm – 90-99% effectiveness
•Condom – 85-97% effectiveness
•Spermacides, douching, withdrawal and rhythm method - ???-85% effectiveness
Sterilization
•Male – ______(snipping the vas deferens)
•Female – ______(blocking fallopian tube)