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BIOLOGY SEMESTER 2 EXAM REVIEW
Directions: Please answer on a separate sheet of paper using complete sentences
DNA Structure and Protein Synthesis
(Chapters 12-13: Use notes and pages 337-389 of book)
1. What is DNA replication? Making an identical copy of a DNA molecule
2. Where does DNA replication occur? The nucleus where DNA is located
3. Are the new copies identical or complementary? The new copy is identical to the original
4. Are the strands of DNA within one coil identical or complementary? The strands within a DNA molecule are complementary
5. Who is credited with discovering the structure of DNA? Watson & Crick
6. What is the name of this shape? Double helix
7. List the nitrogenous bases found in DNA. Adenine, guanine, cytosine, thymine
8. List the nitrogenous bases found in RNA. Adenine, guanine, cytosine, uracil
9. What does each base pair up with in DNA and RNA? (Hint: Remember our song): In DNA A-T, C-G
In RNA A-U, C-G
10. What is a nucleotide? Draw it and label the parts
The monomer (subunit) of a DNA molecule
11. Compare and contrast DNA & RNA (make a Venn Diagram)
12. How is your DNA different from the DNA of a chimpanzee or a dandelion? The order of the base pairs. Each codon codes for a specific protein
13. Where are DNA, mRNA, tRNA, and rRNA located and what is the function of each? DNA-nucleus-instructions for making protein, mRNA nucleus to ribosome carries the message of DNA to the ribosome, tRNA cytoplasm/ribosome brings corresponding amino acid to the ribosome
14. What is the information found in DNA ultimately used to make? Proteins
15. Describe each process, note where each takes place: replication, transcription, and translation. Replication-making an identical copy of DNA takes place in the nucleus. Transcription-rewriting DNA into the form of mRNA takes place in the nucleus. Translation-using the code in mRNA to build amino acids into protein.
16. What is a codon and an anticodon? Codon segment of mRNA that codes for protein. Anticodon part of the transfer RNA molecule that is complementary to the mRNA codon. Allows tRNA to bind to mRNA to drop off the appropriate amino acid
17. Transcribe and translate the following segment of DNA:
GAGTTCACGAAG (USE YOUR DECODER)
MRNA: CUC-AAG-UGC-UUC
AMINO ACID: Leucine, Lysine, Cysteine, Phenylalanine
18. Define mutation. Change in DNA
19. Are mutations bad? Explain Not always it depends on where the mutation is and what protein if any it impacts. Mutations allow for genetic variation within a species. Hint: Think of the rock pocket mice. A change in DNA resulted in a change in coat color.
DNA Technology
(Chapters 14-15: Use notes and pages 403-445 of book)
1. Define recombinant DNA. Combining DNA from two different sources.
2. Define cloning. To make identical copies of something (example: cell)
3. What is a restriction enzyme and what is its function? Restriction enzymes recognize specific sites on DNA. They act like little scissors allowing DNA to be cut out.
4. Define probe and explain how it is used in the genetic engineering. A probe is a specific sequence of DNA that is complimentary to a DNA sequence of interest (CODIS 13). A probe will bind to an area of interest and highlight it making it visible.
5. What is a DNA fingerprint, and why it is such an effective method of identification? A DNA fingerprint is a way of visualizing the 13 areas of repeats in someone’s DNA. These 13 areas of repeats which are different for every person are amplified using PCR and then run on a gel. The end result is a series of band that are unique to each person.
6. What is a plasmid and how is it used in genetic transformation? Plasmid a piece of circular DNA found normally in bacterial cells that is used as a vehicle (vector) to carry genes from one organism to another.
7. How do scientists take advantage of bacterial cells’ reproduction in genetic engineering? Bacteria reproduce quickly by making identical copies of themselves (binary fission). If we insert a gene of interest into a plasmid and then reinsert the plasmid into a bacterial cell, the plasmid will make copies of itself when the bacterial cell reproduces, ultimately making numerous copies of the gene of interest.
8. Define PCR and explain why it is used. Polymerase chain reaction is a technique used to make copies of a sample of DNA.
9. Define electrophoresis and explain why it is used. Gel electrophoresis is a technique used to separate DNA and other macromolecules based on size and charge. DNA samples are loaded into small wells on a gel. An electrical field is applied to the gel and negatively charged DNA moves to the positive end of the gel. Smaller DNA fragments move faster through the gel thus creating a banding pattern.
10. How are antibiotic markers used in genetic transformation? Antibiotics are used to screen for genetically transformed bacteria. Those bacteria that have been transformed have the plasmid, which along with the gene of interest contains an antibiotic resistance gene. These transformed bacteria can survive on a plate with antibiotics. Those bacteria that have not taken up the plasmid do not have the gene of interest or the antibiotic resistance gene and will die in the presence of antibiotics.
11. List some examples of transgenic (genetically transformed organisms).
-Insulin producing bacteria
-Drought resistant plants
-Glowing bacteria (GFP/pGlo Lab)
12. Explain the pros and cons to genetic engineering.
Pros: make more nutrient rich food, drought resistance/pest resistant crops, foods that last longer, production of drugs (insulin) quickly and cheaply, potential for gene therapy
Cons: may introduce some unknown allergen, unknown long-term impact on ecosystem and organisms within.
History of Life Evolution and Classification
(Chapters 16 -19: Use notes and pages 449-569 of book)
1. How old is the Earth estimated to be? 4.5 billion years
2. Define fossil and give an example. A remnant, impression, or trace of an organism of past geologic ages that has been preserved.
3. In your own words explain the Lerman Bubble model.
4. What are microspheres and why are they important? Similar to cells-had cell-like qualities.
5. How did Cyanobacteria change the young earth’s atmosphere? Produced oxygen, which led to the formation of the ozone. Ozone=life on land.
6. Explain how chloroplasts and mitochondria were thought to evolve and state the evidence that supports this theory. Endosymbiosis
Evidence for Endosymbiosis: Mitochondria and chloroplasts have the following: DNA different from that of the host cell, ribosomes to make protein, a double membrane similar to that of bacteria, similar in size and shape of bacteria
7. What were the first organisms to populate the surface of land? Plants & Fungi, Lichens (mutualistic relationship between fungi and algae)
8. Lobsters, insects, and spiders belong to what phylum? Arthropod
9. Whey were insects so successful in populating land?
-Able to fly
-Able to tolerate extreme conditions
-Able to hide
10. What is the most diverse group of animals on earth
-Protists
11. List four common characteristics of arthropods.
12. List three characteristics of amphibians as well as three examples of amphibians. Breathe through lungs and skin (cutaneous breathing)
13. List three common reptiles as well as three characteristics common to reptiles.
14. Although adapted to land Amphibians must lay their eggs in water or very moist soil. Why? Water- eggs not water tight larval stage survives in water (example tad pole)
15. Define taxonomy. The science of naming and classifying organisms
16. Name the two levels of classification used to develop the scientific name of an organisms. Genus & Species
17. Write the scientific name for dog.
Canis familiaris
18. List in sequence Linnaeus’ seven basic levels of classification.
-Domain
-Kingdom
-Phylum
-Class
-Order
-Family
-Genus
-Species
19. Which of these seven taxonomic divisions contains the most diverse organisms? Domain
20. What is an advantage of the scientific naming system? Allows scientists to communicate regardless of their native language
21. What is the difference between radial, bilateral, and asymmetrical symmetry (think Dead Animal Lab)
22. What do all organisms that belong to the phylum chordata have in common? A Backbone
23. Explain the theory of evolution in your own words. Those organisms that have genetic traits (adaptations) that enable them to survive in their environment will do so and reproduce passing these advantageous traits on to offspring.
24. Explain how natural selections and survival of the fittest are related. If an organism has a trait that enables them to better survive their environment they will be selected to survive and reproduce. “Survival of the fittest”
25. Define fitness and adaptation. Be able to survive and reproduce. A trait determined by an organism’s DNA that enables them to survive in their environment and reproduce passing this trait to offspring.
26. Darwin noted that the beak shape of finches on the Galapagos Islands was most affected by what factor? Food Source
27. Where did Darwin get the ideas that contributed to his theory?
-5 year voyage (Diversity of Life)
-Geology
-Previous Ideas (Lamarck)
-Fossil Record
28. Define vestigial organs and homologous structures and give an example of each. Vestigial Structure-structure that is inherited from ancestors but has lost much of its original function. Example: Human tail bone. Homologous Structure: structures that are similar in different species of common ancestory (forearm of human, bat, bird, penguin, alligator, dog, cat, etc.)
29. Explain how vestigial and homologous structures support the theory of evolution. See #28
30. What is the best evidence you could use to prove that two organisms are related? Similarities in DNA sequence
31. List the major structural features which can be used to distinguish the following kingdoms: Eubacteria, Archaebacteria, Protista, Fungi, Plants, and Animals.
32. Explain the organization of life from cells-tissues-organs-organ systems-organism. Smallest unit of life cell, groups of cells make up tissue, groups of tissue make up organs, groups of organs make up an organ system, and organ systems make up organisms.
Ecology
(Chapters 3-6: Use notes and pages 62-186 of book)
33. Provide examples of biotic and abiotic factors that affect an ecosystem. Biotic living (predators/prey) Abiotic-nonliving (temperature, sunlight, amount of precipitation, pH)
34. Know the biological definition of population. A group of organisms of the same species that live in the same area.
35. Describe how a population would change when it is introduced to a new area rich with resources in terms of the logistic growth curve.
A population will grow exponentially for a time until resources/competition/disease become an issue.
36. Define carrying capacity and explain what happens once a population reaches its carrying capacity. The largest number of individuals of a particular species that a particular environment can hold. Once a population reaches carrying capacity it is stabilized at that size.
37. Explain the difference between a realized and a fundamental niche and give an example of each. Fundamental niche-potential range of physical and biological conditions in which a species could live survive and reproduce. Realized niche is the actual physical and biological conditions in which a species lives and the way the species survives and reproduces.
38. Define trophic level. Each step in a food web or chain.
39. Create a food web with eight organisms of your choice. Label the organisms as producer, primary, secondary or tertiary consumers.
40. Create an energy pyramid using the eight organisms you used in your food web. Make sure to label the percent energy transfer from one trophic level to the next.
41. Explain why and how much energy is lost from one trophic level to the next. Organisms within each trophic level use up 90% of the energy. 10% is left and is transferred from one trophic level to the next.
42. Explain density dependent and density independent factors and give an example of each. Density dependent factors are factors that impact a population when the population becomes too large. Examples: predation, competition, disease. Density independent factors are factors that impact a population regardless of its size. Examples; natural disasters, seasonal cycles, human activity.
43. Explain ecological succession and give an example of primary and secondary succession. Predictable changes that occur in an ecosystem over time. Primary succession occurs without soil (example; glacier, volcanic eruption). Secondary changes occur when an ecosystem is destroyed but the soil remains in tact (forest fire, flood)
44. Describe some ways that ecosystems are connected. Ecosystems are connected by the cycling of water and nutrients between them (carbon, nitrogen, phosphorus)
45. Define symbiosis. A relationship where organisms live closely together.
46. Compare parasitism, commensalisms, and mutualism giving an example of each (You may want to use a graphic organizer)
Examples: Commensalism (barnacles & whales)
Mutualisms (bees & flowers)
Parasitism: (tapeworm & human)
47. Explain why and how much energy is lost from one trophic level to the next. 90% of the available energy is used by the organisms in each trophic level or released as heat. 10% of the available energy is transferred.
48. Explain how carbon is cycled with an ecosystem.
49. Explain how nitrogen is cycled within in an ecosystem make sure to include nitrogen-fixing bacteria in your explanation.
50. How are humans affecting the carbon cycle and why is this a problem? Increasing the amount of carbon dioxide by burning fossil fuels (coil, oil, natural, gas). When carbon dioxide is released into the atmosphere it acts like a greenhouse gas trapping in the heat from the sun. Too much carbon dioxide traps in too much heat causing global temperatures to rise.
51. Explain the importance of ozone in our atmosphere. Protection from harmful UV radiation
52. Explain how bacteria and fungi are essential to the cycling of nutrients within an ecosystem. Bacteria and fungi are decomposers breaking down dead organisms to release carbon, nitrogen, and phosphorus back into an ecosystem to be used again by living organisms.
Disease & Immunity
(Chapter 20-21: Use notes and pages 573-629 of book)
53. List the pathogens that are responsible for infectious diseases. Bacteria, viruses, prions, protists, fungi, viroids
54. What are the basic characteristics of viruses, bacteria, fungi, and protists?
55.
56. How viral diseases are treated/prevented? Treated with antivirals/prevented with vaccine
57. What is a vaccine? Preparation of weakened or killed pathogens used to produces immunity to a disease.
58. What are the risks associated with vaccines? Can sometimes cause mild side effects (soreness at injection sight, low fever).
59. How are bacterial diseases treated? Antibiotics
60. What are the three basic shapes of bacteria? (Draw)
61.
62. Give an example of a fungal, viral, and bacterial disease. See #54
Dissections
97. Know the basic structures of the frog.
98. Know the basic characteristics and habits of the frog.
-Needs water to reproduce
-Skin breather
- Three chambered heart
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