Chapter 9 Part 2= World War I (1914-1918)

(p. 320-353)

MAIN IDEAS / NOTES
Reasons the US Goes to War / 1.) May 7, 1915 = ______
  • British passenger ship
  • 1200 people, including 128 Americans died
  • Wilson demanded that Germany stop their attacks on civilian ships
  • Feb. 1916 = Germany apologized
a.) May 4, 1916 = ______
______
  • US was very upset
  • German U-boat sunk the Sussex, an unarmed French liner, on March 24, 1916
b.) Feb. 1, 1917 = ______
______
  • Germany anticipated that this would bring the US into the war but hoped that they could force the Allies to surrender by the time the US forces had mobilized
2.) March 1917 - ______
  • A telegraph from the German minister, Arthur Zimmerman, to Mexico was intercepted
a.) Germany urged ______
______
  • Germany would help Mexico reclaim land in Southwest USA
3.) March 1917 = ______
  • Czar Nicholas II overthrown
  • People were protesting heavy losses in WW I
  • Upset about the shortage of food and fuel
  • Russia set up a Provisional Government and called for democratic reforms
  • Made it easier for the US to support the Allies if Russia didn’t have a czar who denied his people democracy

US Goes to War / 1.) ______
  • April 2, 1917 = Congress voted 455 to 56
  • Jeanette Rankin (Montana) – first woman elected to Congress voted against war
  • April 6, 1917 = President Wilson signs the declaration of war

US Military Prepares /
  • US army had 126,000 men at the start of the war
1.) ______
a.) ______
  • 1918 = all 18 to 45 year olds were drafted
  • 24 million males registered for the draft
  • At the end of the war, US armed forces had almost 5 million men and women
  • 2 ¾ million men had been drafted
  • 25% of the troops were illiterate
  • Army educated soldiers on reading, nutrition and hygiene
  • Fueled a drive to reform public education
  • 1920 = 75% of school-age children were in school
2.) ______
  • “black only” units with white officers
3.) ______
a.) ______
  • 30,000 US women served in the war

Managing the War Effort / 1.) ______
a.) ______
  • Allied armies and people in Europe faced food shortages and starvation
  • “Food Will Win the War”
  • Farmers grew more crops
  • Didn’t ration food; instead he encouraged voluntary cooperation to conserve food
  • “victory gardens” = personal vegetable gardens
  • “wheatless Mondays / meatless Tuesdays”/ “porkless Thursdays”
2.) ______
a.) ______
  • Lightless nights and gasless days
  • Daylight Savings Time
  • At beginning of the war, the US military had only 600,000 rifles, 2000 machine guns and less than 1000 artillery
3.) ______
a.) ______
______
  • Women’s blouse factories made signal flags
  • Radiator manufacturers made guns
  • Automobile factories made airplane engines
  • Piano companies made airplane wings
b.) ______
c.) ______
4.) ______
a.) ______
  • Settled disputes with unions over working hours and wages
  • Helped set up an 8 hour work day for some industries
  • Established standards of employment for women and children
5.) ______
a.) ______
  • “Four Minute Men” – gave speeches about making sacrifices to support the war effort
  • 1/2 of what the US spent on the war
  • Bonds and taxes helped to pay for $30 billion of what the US used during the war
  • However, they also pushed the US further into debt

US Home Front / 1.) ______
  • 16% of the male workforce left to fight
  • 1 million women worked in war industries and made up 1/5th of the workforce
  • Assembled weapons and airplanes
  • Mailmen, police officers, truck drivers, railroad engineers
  • Women were paid less than men but it was still better than the wages women earned during peacetime
  • Helped to change the view that women were only fit for “women’s work”
  • When men returned, women had to give up these jobs
  • Women also volunteered to help the Red Cross and other groups
2.) ______
  • Newspapers questions German American loyalties
  • German families changed their names
  • In Britain, the royal family changed their surname from House of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha to House of Windsor
  • German Americans were attacked by mobs in the US
  • Sauerkraut = liberty cabbage and German measles = liberty measles
3.) ______
  • ½ million African Americans from the South and thousands of Mexican Americans from the SW
  • moved North to work in factories
  • Created competition for jobs and houses
4.) ______
  • “Red Summer” in Chicago
  • a black youth was drowned when he was hit by a rock while swimming at a white beach
  • riots ensued and 38 people were killed
5.) ______
______
  • After the war the US tried to force Mexican workers to return to Mexico

Opposition to the War / 1.) ______
  • Pacifists refuse to fight in any war because they believe that war is evil
  • Socialists believed that the war only benefited the factory owners and not the workers
2.) Congress made it ______
a.) ______
  • Made it illegal to interfere with the draft, help the enemy or encourage mutiny in the military
  • Postmaster general could refuse to carry mail that might help the enemy
  • 20 years in prison and a $10,000 fine
b.) ______
  • Made it illegal to criticize the US government or military
  • It was also illegal to discourage the sale of war bonds
  • Imprisonment or fine
  • 1600 men and women were arrested
  • Euguene V. Debs jailed for protesting the draft (Socialist candidate for president 5 times)
  • “Big Bill” Haywood – head of the International Workers of the World ( IWW or the Wobblies)
  • IWW believed that workers should seize control of the industries
Schenk v. US (1919)
  • Schenk had distributed anti-draft pamphlets
  • Supreme Court ruled that the Sedition Acts were unconstitutional because the right of free speech was not absolute
  • Said that criticism that threatened the war effort should be suppressed
Abrams v. US (1919)
  • Abrams had distributed pamphlets that attacked the government’s sending troops to Russia; also called for a strike
  • His conviction was overturned by the Supreme Court
  • The Court said there was no immediate threat to the war effort

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